Health and Disease
When considering the clinical course, a disease that is characterized by remissions and exacerbations is considered to be:
chronic.
The cell membrane is also called what?
plasma membrane
The cell membrane is often called the plasma membrane. The nuclear membrane is another type of membrane within the cell. The cell membrane provides receptors for hormones and other biologically active substances; it is not a receptor membrane. A main structural component of the membrane is its lipid bilayer but the cell membrane is not referred to as the "bilayer membrane."
Abnormalities of body structure, function, or metabolism that are present at birth are known as:
Congenital
A client experiences an allergic reaction. Select the immunoglobulin that would bind to mast cells and release histamine.
IgE
IgE responds to allergic exposures and parasitic infections. IgA is the primary defense against local infections in mucosal tissues. IgG protects against bacteria, toxins, and viruses and activates the complement system. IgD acts as an antigen receptor for initiating the B cells.
A client has a watery fluid leaking from a site of inflammation. The nurse would document this type of exudate as:
Serous
Serous exudate is a watery fluid low in protein content that results from plasma entering the inflammatory site. Hemorrhagic exudate is red or blood-tinged and is related to damage to blood vessels. Suppurative exudate is composed of degraded white blood cells and tissue debris, leaving the fluid pus-like. Fibrinous exudate is thick and sticky meshwork fluid.
A client has been admitted to the intensive care unit with a myocardial infarction. After the client recovers from the acute course of the event and ready for discharge, the nurse provides information about the beta adrenergic blocker, atenolol, that the client will take to prevent complications after the MI. What type of prevention is the nurse providing?
Tertiary prevention
is directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduce the complications of a disease once it has been diagnosed. An example is the use of beta adrenergic drugs to reduce the risk of death in people who have had a heart attack. The boundaries of tertiary prevention go beyond treating the problem with which the person presents.
Which role does adipose tissue play in the body?
Thermal insulation
The nurse is learning about mitochondrial DNA mutations. She learns that they generally affect which tissues and organs?
Neuromuscular
Mitochondrial DNA mutations generally affect tissues that are dependent on oxidative phosphorylation to meet their high needs for metabolic energy. Thus, mtDNA mutations frequently affect the neuromuscular system and produce disorders such as encephalopathies, myopathies, retinal degeneration, loss of extraocular muscle function, and deafness.
A woman experiences a viral infection while pregnant. Which type of immunity does an infant have at birth against this infection?
Passive
A client with environmental allergies is experiencing respiratory inflammation. Which mediator causes vasodilation during the vascular stage of the inflammatory response?
Histamine
Histamine is a key mediator in the inflammatory system and one that induces vasodilation during the vascular stage. Adhesion molecules, memory T cells, and leukotrienes do not participate in the process of vasodilation during the vascular stage.
The nurse is caring for a client in the burn unit who has sustained partial and full thickness burns over 16 percent of the body. What type of etiologic factor does the nurse recognize these burns are?
Physical forces
The causes of disease are known as etiologic factors. Among the recognized etiologic agents are biologic agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses), physical forces (eg., trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (e.g., poisons, alcohol), one's genetic inheritance, and nutritional excess or defects.
While reviewing the basic information related to hemodialysis, the nurse explains that water molecules move through adjacent phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane by:
active transport.
Water molecules move through adjacent phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane by osmosis without actually dissolving in the region occupied by the fatty acid side of the chains. Osmosis is regulated by the concentration of nondiffusible particles on either side of the membrane, with water moving from the side with the lower concentration of particles to the side with the higher concentration.
The mother is heterozygous for blue eyes, a recessive trait. The father is homozygous for brown eyes, a dominant trait. What color eyes will their four children have?
All will have brown eyes.
A heterozygote with a dominant and a recessive allele will have the dominant phenotype. In this mother's case this will manifest itself in the brown eyes. A homozygote with two dominant alleles will have the dominant phenotype, so the father also has brown eyes. To have blue eyes, the children would have to inherit two alleles for blue eyes. Because they will inherit, at most, one recessive allele for blue eyes, the children's eyes will be brown.
A client is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. The nurse teaches the client about the body’s natural defenses and identifies which of the following as most likely to be fighting the antigen?
Antibodies
Humoral immunity is mediated by the B lymphocytes (B cells) and is the principal defense against extracellular microbes and their toxins. The B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells. The circulating antibodies then interact with and destroy the microbes that are present in the blood or mucosal surfaces.
The nurse is evaluating the bloodwork results of a client with an infected leg ulcer. The white blood cell count is 18,000 cells/uL. The nurse interprets this as:
Leukocytosis
A white blood cell count of 18,000 cells/uL is indicative of an elevated white blood cell count or leukocytosis (normal range is 4000-10,000 cells/uL). This would be an expected finding in a client with an infected leg ulcer. An increase in lymphocytes is lymphocytosis and neutropenia is a decrease in neutrophils. Lymphadenitis is an inflammation of the lymph nodes.
A client is taking a synthetic thyroid hormone for the treatment of hypothyroidism. The client develops signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The nurse refers to this adverse extension of disease development as:
complications.
Some tissues, such as the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract, have cells that are capable of cell division and serve as a reserve source for specialized cells. What term describes these specialized cells?
Stem cells
Although most cells differentiate into specialized cell types, many tissues contain a few stem cells that apparently are only partially differentiated. These stem cells are still capable of cell division and serve as a reserve source for specialized cells throughout the life of the organism. Simple epithelium cells are adapted for filtration and line the blood vessels, lymph nodes, and alveoli. Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium make up the epidermis of the skin.
The nurse is studying genetic disorders. She learns that an allele is:
one of two members of a gene pair, for a particular trait, in a chromosome pair.
The two members of a gene pair, one inherited from the mother and the other from the father, are called alleles. The presence of more than two chromosomes to a set is called polysomy. The physical trait associated with a particular gene is the phenotype.
A client fears she may have acquired HIV and asks the nurse what test is likely to be used to confirm a diagnosis. The best response would be:
The HIV antibody test procedure consists of screening with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), also known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), followed by a confirmatory test such as the Western blot assay, which is performed if the EIA is positive. The oral test home testing kits and the new rapid blood test are confirmed by the Western blot.
A client has developed an infection from an exogenous source. The nurse recognizes this as acquired from:
sources in the external environment, such as the water, food, soil, or air.
A client tested positive for the tuberculosis antibody and has been told this does not mean the client will ever develop active tuberculosis. This client is considered to be in which stage of the disease process?
subclinical
A 73-year-old male client has developed nocturia, in which he must awaken to void 3 to 4 times nightly. Also, he states that he has occasional urgency and experiences incomplete bladder emptying. This client is likely experiencing the effects of what cell change?
Hyperplasia
The client's signs and symptoms are characteristic of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), in which there is an increase in the number of prostate cells, impeding urination. This is not the result of cell hypertrophy, in which the size of individual cells increases. Cell atrophy and dystrophy are unrelated to the etiology of BPH.
A nurse conducting a community education class on genetics tells the class that meiosis occurs in which type of cell?
Gamete producing
The nurse should say that meiosis occurs in gamete-producing cells. Spermatids are daughter cells formed by meiosis. Polar body cells are formed through the process of oogenesis. Daughter cells are the result of both meiosis and mitosis.
A client who had a kidney transplant 3 months ago is experiencing an organ rejection. The reaction would be classified as:
Acute rejection
Acute rejection may occur within the first few days to weeks after transplantation, or it may occur suddenly months or even years later, after the discontinuation of immunosuppressants in the posttransplant period. Chronic rejection develops insidiously over months and years and may or may not be preceded by episodes of acute rejection. Hyperacute rejection occurs almost immediately after transplantation.
A client who has a history of intravenous drug use is diagnosed with hepatitis C. Which portal of entry likely led to the client's infection?
penetration
Direct inoculation from intravenous drug use, that is, a disruption in the integrity of the body's surface barrier, is an example of pathogen entry by penetration. Vertical transmission occurs from mother to child, and ingestion is not a likely source of this client's infection. Direct transmission does not require a break in the skin surface as occurs with an injections. Instead, this transmission is directly from infected tissue or secretions to exposed, intact mucous membranes.