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The body’s compensation of metabolic alkalosis involves:
A. Increasing the respiratory rate
B. Decreasing the respiratory rate
C. Increasing urine output
D. Decreasing urine output
B. Decreasing the respiratory rate
When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity is best defined as:
A. A reduced immune response found in most pathologic states
B. A normal immune response to an infectious agent
C. An excessive or inappropriate response of immune system to sensitizing antigen
D. Antigenic desensitization
C. An excessive or inappropriate response of immune system to sensitizing antigen
A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination, tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese). Which type of necrosis is this?
Caseous necrosis
Which of the following wounds is most likely to heal by secondary intention?
A. A finger laceration received while cutting onions
B. A stage IV pressure ulcer that developed in a nursing home
C. A needlestick injury received while administering parenteral medication
D. An incision from an open appendectomy
B. A stage IV pressure ulcer that developed in a nursing home
The first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to a new antigen is:
IgM
A patient with an 18 pack per year history presents to a family practice clinic complaining of painless hoarseness and inability to clear mucus. A biopsy of respiratory tract cells is taken and shows that these cells have been replaced by less mature squamous epithelium cells. The nurse knows this type of change is referred to as:
Metaplasia
After teaching the students about B cells, which statement indicates teaching was successful? B cells are originally derived from...?
Bone marrow?
Inflammatory exudates are a combination of several types. Which of the exudates is composed of a large accumulation of leukocytes?
Purulent
A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He experiences a severe allergic reaction and has to go to the ER. The nurse providing care realizes this reaction is the result of which Immunoglobulin?
IgE
Humoral immunity is mediated by:
B-cells
A 20-year-old college student has presented to her campus medical clinic for a scheduled Pap smear. The clinician who will interpret the smear will examine cell samples for evidence of:
A. Changes in cell shape, size, and organization
B. Presence of unexpected cell types
C. Ischemic changes in cell sample
D. Abnormally high numbers of cells
A. Changes in cell shape, size, and organization
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will:
A. Increase in size
B. Decrease in length
C. Increase in excitability
D. Increase in number
A. increase in size
Which of the following arterial blood gas (ABG) values indicates uncompensated metabolic alkalosis?
A. pH 7.48, PaCO2 42, HCO3 30
B. pH 7.48, PaCO2 46, HCO3 30
C. pH 7.48, PaCO2 34, HCO3 20
D. pH 7.48, PaCO2 34, HCO3 26
A. pH 7.48, PaCO2 42, HCO3 30
Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis is indicated by ABG values of pH 7.48, PaCO2 42, and HCO3 30. Normal human physiological pH is 7.35 to 7.45. A decrease in pH below this range is acidosis, an increase over this range is alkalosis. Metabolic alkalosis is defined as a disease state where the body’s pH is elevated to greater than 7.45 secondary to some metabolic process.
A patient underwent an open cholecystectomy 4 days ago and her incision is now in the proliferative phase of healing. The nurse knows that the next step in the process of wound healing is:
A. Inflammation
B. Maturation
C. Remodeling
D. Coagulation
C.Remodeling
A secondary immune response differs from the primary immune response in that:
It is more rapid than the primary response and results in higher antibody levels?
A nurse is teaching a class about immune deficiencies, and a person from the audience asks which cells are affected by severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) syndrome, and the nurse answers:
B and T cell deficits
Orly Khan is suffering from fluid volume deficit (FVD)/ hypovolemia, which symptoms would the nurse expect to assess in the patient?
Tachycardia, poor tissue turgor, and hypotension are symptoms of FVD
An older adult patient has just sheared the skin on her elbow while attempting to boost herself up in bed, an event that has precipitated acute inflammation in the region surrounding the wound. Which of the following events will occur during the vascular stage of the patient's inflammation?
A. Outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces
B. Chemotaxis
C. Accumulation of leukocytes along the epithelium
D. Phagocytosis of cellular debris
A. outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces
Which chemical mediator of inflammation is responsible for vasodilation/ increased capillary permeability, pain, and chemotaxis?
Kinins (Bradykinin)
When a nurse cares for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the nurse remembers this disease is an example of:
A. Autoimmunity
B. Alloimmunity
C. Homoimmunity
D. Alleimmunity
A. autoimmunity
An older adult patient comes to the clinic complaining of not being able to do what he used to be able to. You know that normal changes associated with aging include: (Select all that apply.)
A. Improved blood flow
B. Slowed metabolic rate
C. Decreased brain weight
D. Improved nerve fiber conduction
E. Less respiratory capacity
B. Slowed metabolic rate
C. Decreased brain weight
E. Less respiratory capacity
George Kent is a 54-year-old widower with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and was rushed to the emergency department with increasing shortness of breath, pyrexia, and a productive cough with yellow-green sputum. He has difficulty communicating because of his inability to complete a sentence. One of his sons, Jacob, says he has been unwell for three days. Upon examination, crackles and wheezes can be heard in the lower lobes; he has tachycardia and a bounding pulse. Measurement of arterial blood gas shows pH 7.3, PaCO2 68 mm Hg, HCO3 28 mmol/L, and PaO2 60 mm Hg. How would you interpret this?
Respiratory Acidosis, Partially Compensated
The cellular stage of acute inflammation is marked by the movement of leukocytes into the area. Which of the following cells arrives first and in great numbers?
A. Basophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Platelets
C. Neutrophils
Marie Joy’s lab test revealed that her serum calcium is 2.5 mEq/L. Which assessment data does the nurse document when a client diagnosed with hypocalcemia develops a carpopedal spasm after the blood-pressure cuff is inflated?
Positive Trousseau’s sign
Baby Angela was rushed to the Emergency Room following her mother’s complaint that the infant has been irritable, difficult to breastfeed, and has had diarrhea for the past 3 days. The infant’s respiratory rate is elevated and the fontanels are sunken. The Emergency Room physician orders ABGs after assessing the ABCs. The results from the ABG results show pH 7.39, PaCO2 27 mmHg, and HCO3 19 mEq/L. What does this mean?
Metabolic Acidosis, Fully Compensated
Baby Angela has metabolic acidosis due to decreased HCO3 and slightly acidic pH. Her pH value is within the normal range which made the result fully compensated.