Cellular Regulation
Which type of cell death is programmed and beneficial for normal body function?
Apoptosis
Which chromosomal disorder is associated with a “simian crease” on the palm?
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for immediate allergic reactions?
IgE
Name the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
Alarm stage
A reddened area on the sacrum that does not blanch with pressure is classified as what stage of pressure ulcer?
Stage I pressure ulcer
What is the term for a decrease in cell size due to disuse or poor nutrition?
Atrophy
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = genetic makeup; Phenotype = physical expression
Define nosocomial infection
Hospital-acquired infection
Which hormone is primarily released by the adrenal cortex during stress?
Cortisol
Name two risk factors for impaired skin integrity.
Examples: Immobility, poor nutrition, incontinence, advanced age
Name one factor that commonly causes hypoxia in tissues.
Ischemia (reduced blood flow) or low oxygen levels
Name one autosomal recessive disorder.
Examples: Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs, PKU
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is seen in contact dermatitis (e.g., poison ivy)?
Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed, T-cell mediated)
Prolonged stress decreases the activity of which body system?
Immune system
What type of cancer is strongly associated with asbestos exposure?
Mesothelioma (lung cancer)
Which cellular adaptation is considered precancerous due to abnormal size and shape variation?
Dysplasia
Turner syndrome is caused by what chromosomal abnormality?
Monosomy X (missing X chromosome in females)
Name two opportunistic infections commonly seen in HIV patients.
Examples: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), Kaposi sarcoma, TB, oral thrush
Give two physical signs of prolonged stress.
Examples: Hypertension, fatigue, GI upset, frequent infections, sleep disturbances
Which environmental hazard is most associated with hearing loss?
Noise hazard (workplace or environmental)
Differentiate between necrosis and gangrene.
Necrosis = cell death due to damage; Gangrene = necrosis with bacterial infection or poor perfusion
Which prenatal diagnostic test removes a placental tissue sample for genetic analysis?
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
What diagnostic test confirms the type of bacteria causing an infection and its antibiotic sensitivity?
Culture and sensitivity
In the GAS, what happens in the exhaustion stage?
Body resources are depleted → risk for illness, organ failure, or death
Differentiate between heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
Heat exhaustion = dizziness, sweating, fainting; Heat stroke = no sweating, very high core temp, altered mental status