Endocrine
Which gland releases growth hormone?
Bonus: What are the two disorders that result from an excess of growth hormone? Explain the difference.
What is the pituitary gland?
Bonus: Acromegaly (after the growth plates close) and gigantism (before they close)
The normal pH of blood in the human body.
What is 7.35-7.45?
This phenomenon that many older adults experience daily is NOT a normal sign of aging and should be reported and treated.
What is pain?
If you place a cell in a hypertonic solution, which way would the water travel. What happens to the cell?
Where is outside the cell? The cell shrinks.
Interpret this ABG.
pH: 7.28
CO2: 52
HCO3: 23
What is respiratory acidosis?
This hormone causes sodium and water reabsorption and results in a decrease in urine output by the kidneys.
Bonus: What is the name of the disorder where this hormone level is decreased?
What is ADH?
Bonus: Diabetes Insipidus
The two organ systems responsible for MOST of the pH balance in the body.
What are the renal and respiratory systems?
This cardiovascular change increases an older adult's risk for falling.
What is orthostatic hypotension?
The client presenting with edema, tachycardia, bounding pulses and shortness of breath is most likely experiencing this.
Bonus: Name a cause
What is fluid volume overload?
Interpret this ABG.
pH: 7.47
CO2: 40
HCO3: 29
What is metabolic alkalosis?
Weight loss, heat intolerance, exophthalmos, and anxiety are all clinical manifestations of which endocrine disorder?
Bonus: Tell me the hormones released by this gland.
Bonus: T3 and T4
An imbalance of this ion may also cause a pH imbalance.
Bonus: Explain the relationship between this ion and H+ that creates the imbalance AND which other organ this may affect.
What is potassium?
Bonus: As hydrogen moves into the cell, potassium is released and vice versa; cardiac dysrhythmia.
This s/s is a major indicator that an older adult may be experiencing a urinary tract infection.
Cerebral dehydration and CSF shifts are associated with which electrolyte imbalance?
What is hypernatremia?
Interpret this ABG.
pH: 7.42
CO2: 38
HCO3: 25
What is normal?
Patients with this disorder experience a moon face and buffalo hump. They may also have an increase in blood sugar, weight gain, and hirsutism.
Bonus: Which hormones are responsible for this disorder and which gland releases them?
What is Cushing's Disease?
Bonus: Glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol) and the adrenal glands
A client presenting with Kussmaul's respirations, muscle twitching, hyperkalemia, and decreased BP is likely experiencing which imbalance?
What is metabolic acidosis?
A decreased fever response, thinning of the skin, and a weaker cough reflex all increase an older adult's risk for developing what.
What is an infection?
With which electrolyte imbalance would you expect to see hyperactive DTR, muscle twitches, and positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs?
Bonus: Name the hormone that breaks down bone in order to attempt to correct this imbalance.
What is hypocalcemia?
Bonus: PTH
Interpret this ABG.
pH: 7.31
CO2: 28
HCO3: 13
What is metabolic acidosis?
Tell me the three P's of diabetes mellitus AND explain the difference between type 1 and type 2 DM.
Bonus: What are the acute complications for each type of DM?
What are polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria?
–Type 1: no insulin
–Type 2: decreased sensitivity to insulin
Bonus: DKA (1) and HHS (2)
A client presents to the ED with symptoms of a panic attack. They have been hyperventilating for approximately 20 minutes and are now becoming lightheaded, tachycardic, and having numbness and tingling in their extremities. Name the most likely imbalance.
What is respiratory alkalosis?
Impaired motility in the GI tract can result in which disorder in older adults.
What is constipation?
List the normal ranges for Na, K, Cl, Mg, P, and Ca.
Na: 135-145
K: 3.5-5.2
Cl: 98-106
Mg:1.5-2.5
P: 2.5-4.5
Ca: 8.7-10
Interpret this ABG.
pH: 7.49
CO2: 21
HCO3: 15
What is respiratory alkalosis?