1
The __________ is lined with a ciliated mucosal membrane with a highly vascular blood supply and one function of this membrane is to humidify air
What is the nasopharynx?
This is the slit-shaped space between the true vocal cords.
What is the glottis?
This is the the movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to the body organs and tissues
what is perfusion?
most oxygen (O2) is transported by ______.
What is being bound to hemoglobin?
These structures are primarily responsible for coughing after entering a room of chemical fog.
What are the irritant receptors in the nostrils?
This phase of ARDS is when hypoxia worsens due to scarring of the tissue
What is the proliferative?
The function of this system is to exchange gases between the environment and blood.
What is the pulmonary system?
the majority of total airway resistance occurs in the ________.
What is the nose?
The pleural membranes would be examples of what type of membrane?
What is serous?
These receptor sites are stimulated when one is having respiratory difficulty and is retaining too much carbon dioxide in an attempt to maintain a normal homeostatic state
What are the central receptors?
The pressure required to inflate an alveolus is inversely related to this.
What is alveolar radius?
This phase of ARDS is when the chronic phase that results in decreased lung compliance
What is the fibrotic phase?
_______ is a late sign of hypoxia
What is cyanosis?
When the chest cavity moves inward on inspiration and outward on expiration is called __________ breathing.
What is paradoxical?
This nerve provides lungs with parasympathetic innervation.
What is the Vagus nerve?
Damage to this area could cause loss of respirations.
What is the brainstem?
These are the receptors in the lung that decrease ventilatory rate and volume when stimulated.
What are the stretch receptors?
This phase of ARDS fluid crosses the alveolar membrane and enters the alveolar space
What is the injury or exudative phase?
A newborn who develops respiratory distress and requires ventilation may be because it does not produce surfactant due to the absence of these cells.
What is type II alveolar?
If retaining too much carbon dioxide this compensatory response would be initiated.
What is an increased in respiratory rate?
These receptors that respond to increased pulmonary capillary pressure.
What are the J-receptors?
This causes copious secretions that block gas exchange leading to acute respiratory failure.
What is cystic fibrosis?
Under most circumstances, increased work of breathing results in ______ ______ ____.
What is increased oxygen consumption?
A patient with a pulmonary embolus has this type of acute respiratory failure.
What is ARF with hypoxemia?
This physiology is present at the base of the lungs
What is arterial perfusion pressure exceeds alveolar gas pressure?
Surfactant facilitates alveolar distention and ventilation by ______________________________
what is decreasing surface tension in alveoli?
This is the most likely cause of croup?
What is Viral infection?
During inspiration, muscular contraction of the diaphragm causes air to move into the lung. The mechanism that drives air movement during inspiration results in an ____________________ and __________.
What is an increase in the size of the thorax and decrease in intrapleural pressure?
Changes are characteristic of cellular damage to the pulmonary epithelium seen with ARDS.
What is inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis?
A patient with pneumonia and asthma has this type of acute respiratory failure
What is ARF with hypercapnia and hypoxemia?
if a child has acute epiglottitis the nurse should avoid this
This is the first sign as the oxygen levels in the bloodstream start to drop.
What is difficult breathing?
_______ and _______ are the most common factors leading to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
What is multiple traumas and sepsis?
_______ and ________ are considered indirect risk factors for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS?
What is and opiate overdose and multiple blood transfusions?
This condition does not allow oxygen to be directly transported to the tissues.
What is cardiac failure and insufficiency?
A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has this type of acute respiratory failure
What is ARF with hypercapnia?
A patient with _______ limits gas exchange and is at risk for ARF development and at an even more increased risk due to _________ which further limits gas exchange.
What is emphysema; pneumonia ?
This phase begins about 2 weeks after the insult and this is the stage where white blood cells proliferate into the alveoli and damage begins
What is proliferative?
In the fibrotic phase the lung is completely ________ by scar tissue causing decreased lung compliance or stiffness in patient w/ ARDS.
What is remodeled?
This disorder causes hypoxemic respiratory failure due to the inability of the heart to transport oxygen to the cells and tissues
What is cardiac failure?
What is pH 7.2; PaO2 of 75%, PaCo2 of 55 mmHg, Confusion, and slow, shallow breathing?
A 10 year old is diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. When the parents ask, the nurse shares that the initial treatment will be this
What is tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)?
These two things are present in the initial presentation of ARDS as seepage of fluid begins to invade the alveoli.
what is increased respiratory rate and cough?
____ ____ changes are usually the first sign of hypoxia or hypercapnia and headache is indicative of hypercapnia.
What is mental status?
These are specific clinical manifestations are commonly seen in a patient presenting with acute respiratory failure related to hypoxemia {there are 4}
Signs of sepsis can include ________, _______, decreased _____ _____ and __________
what is fever, tachycardia, decreased urine output and disorientation?
________________ is a drug that is used to treat cystic fibrosis. It is a pancreatic enzyme that helps improve digestion and the absorption of food.
What is Pancrelipase (Cotazym)?
A newborn is diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome. When obtaining the patient’s history, this is the most important predisposing factor for this condition?
what is premature birth?