Random
What is the most reliable indicator of a person's pain?
patient's self-report
What are the different types of pain? (7)
Acute
Chronic
Nociceptive
Neuropathic
Phantom
Breakthrough
Referred
The stress response causes which body system to release excessive amounts of hormones
endocrine
Describe visceral pain
. type of nociceptive pain
. originated in the internal organs (kidney, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder)
. FEW nociceptors
. "deep, dull, aching"
define pain
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
What is the Gate Control Theory
it is a mechanism in the spinal cord which allows a "gate" to open or close; involved with processing of pain signals
What is the difference between nociceptive and neuropathic pain
Nociceptive pain has normal nervous system function
Neuropathic pain has impaired nervous system function
With unrelieved pain the respiratory system is affected. How is the RS affected?
decreased lung capacity
Describe cutaneous pain (where does it arise, what type of pain, ex)
also known as superficial somatic pain
arises from superficial structures, like skin and mucous membranes
"sharp" pain with "burning"
easily localized
ex: sunburn, skin contusions
define transduction
the conversion of painful, noxious stimuli to an electrical impulse through peripheral nerve fibers
nociceptors include what two fibers? describe them
. Myelinated A fibers = rapid conduction of impulses for thermal and mechanical pain
. Unmyelinated C fibers = slow conduction of impulses for mechanical, thermal and chemical pain
What type of pain is acute? What type of pain is chronic?
acute = nociceptive
chronic = nociceptive OR neuropathic
Unrelieved pain can affect the respiratory system. what conditions may this cause?
atelectasis
pneumonia
Describe deep somatic pain (where it originates from, what type of pain, ex)
"sharp" pain
localized OR diffuse and radiating
ex: arthritis, tendonitis
define modulation
the process by which the body alters a pain signal as it is transmitted along the pain pathway
where are nociceptors (pain receptors) found
what are the types of Nociceptive pain?
. somatic pain (cutaneous and deep somatic)
. visceral
. referred pain
increased HR
increased BP
increased myocardial O2 consumption
what are neurotransmitters
chemicals released from nerve endings of nociceptive neurons which regulate transmission of impulses
define perception
awareness of pain that occurs when pain is recognized, defined, and assigned meaning by the person who. is experiencing the pain
What are the 4 nociceptive pain mechanisms
. transduction
. transmission
. perception
. modulation
Describe Referred pain
pain that is perceived at a site different from its point of origin, but innervated by the same spinal segment
Unrelieved pain can affect mobility and hinder recovery. This may lead to what?
impaired muscle function
muscle atrophy
joint contraction
what is a withdrawal reflex
a powerful reflex stimulated by a damaging stimulus which causes the quick movement of the body part away from the offending stimulus
define transmission
the process by which pain signals are relayed from the periphery to the spinal cord then to the brain