Patho Pharm Final Exam Prep

GI

100

Name one possible cause of left lower quadrant pain

Constipation hernia ovarian cyst, ectopic pregnancy, bowel obstruction, IBD, kidney stone

200

Mechanism of action of antacids

neutralize acids in stomach, increases LES presssure

help with GERD not treat

300

 Most potent H2 receptor blocker

Famotidine Pepcid

400

Nursing education related to PPI

Mask symptoms of GI cancer

Combined with antibiotics for Hpylori

Gerd-used only 8 weeks

Wean off do not abruptly stop

500

How does a stimulant laxative (bisacodyl, senna, glycerin suppository) work?

Increasing motility through irritating the mucosa and increasing water in the stool.

Releases prostaglandins and cAMP.  Increases smooth muscle contractions and electrolytes which stimulates peristalsis

Anemia

100

Diagnostic test for anemia

CBC, Bone marrow biopsy, Echocardiogram, ECG, fecal occult blood test, vitamin b12 level, folic acid level

200

Anemia due to acute blood loss triggers what process in the body?

Hypoxia-->kidney release erythropoietin->bone marrow make RBCs

Kidney release renin-RAAS

ADH release

300

What is the treatment for iron deficiency anemia? and one nursing consideration when giving?

Ferrous sulfate, given with vitamin C to improve absorption

400

Treatment for Macrocytic anemia

Vitamin B12 injections to increase reticulocyte count

500

What type of anemia presents with pancytopenia, petechiae and ecchymosis and usually seen in people who do not eat meat?

Macrocytic anemia (big cells)

CHF

100

Type of CHF that is often caused by HTN and Left ventricular hypertrophy.

Diastolic dysfunction heart failure. Inability for the ventricle to relax, decreased filling during diastole (relaxation).

200

Clinical manifestations of right-sided heart failure

JVD, Splenomegly, hepatomegly, decreased renal perfusion when standing, noctoria, pitting edema, weakness, fatigue

300

What is purpose of using a vasodilator for CHF?

decrease workload of cardiac muscle

400

Digoxin (cardiac glycoside) what is the action of this drug?

Positive inotropic effect- Increases the squeeze or contraction of the heart muscle. 

increases renal blood flow (diuretic effect)

Slows conduction of AV node dec HR. 

500

Name one drug used as a treatment in CHF that reduces remodeling of the heart 

Beta blockers

ACE Inhibitors

ARBs

hydralazine + nitrates

Entresto

Endocrine

100

Main difference between T1 and T2 diabetes

Insulin deficient vs resistance. 

200

Treatment for hypothyroidism caused by thyroidectomy?

levothyroxine

300

What is a nursing intervention for blood sugar below 70?

Glucogon-hyperglycemic agent if unconscious

if conscious 15gm carbohydrate repeat sugar in 15min 

400

What is the only insulin you can give IV?

Regular Insulin

500

Why do we hold a patient's metformin 48 hours after  CT scan?

Both metformin and CT dye can damage the kidneys. Encourage fluids and likely giving sliding scale insulin when not taking the metformin.

Renal

100

Name one post renal cause of acute kidney failure

BPH, kidney stone, Cancer, uterus

200

Risk factor for Chronic Renal disease

HTN, DM, Genetic

300

Lab test to diagnose stage of kidney failure?

GFR, increases in stage 1, reduction 60-90 Stage 2, 30-50 stage 3, 15-29 stage 4, less than 15 stage 5. 

400

Name one Pathophysiology consequence of kidney dysfunction.

Accumulation of waste
Anemia
Hyperkalemia
AcidBase imbalance
Hypocalcemia
RAAS

500

What is the main difference in urine assessment between Nephritic vs nephrotic syndrome?

Nephritic syndrome presents with hematuria (cola urine)

Nephrotic syndrome presents with proteinuria