Hypersensitivity
What antibodies are used in type one and two reaction
-IgE
IgG,IgM
What is an Arthus reaction and what sensitivity is it?
Type 3
Seems after immunization where the antigen antibody reaction is occurring within skin levels and may produce an injection site that is red and raised
What protein on the HIV releases its a foreign body?
p24 capsid
What are our cancer suppressing genes
-P53:Repairs damaged DNA and initiated Apoptosis
-RB gene:Cell cycle inhibition
Which antibodies respond first in any sort of injury or reaction, it is also the first that a baby creates ON THEIR OWN after the mothers leave
IgM
Describe the passage way for the type 1 response when and antibodies meets and allergen
-IgE binds to mast cells- mast cell degranulates- releases lipid mediators, histamines, leukotries, Bradykinin, and postoglygins- Increase VP and VD which will bring WBC and other cells to respond
What MCH Molecule signals T cells? What cells are this type of MCH on?
-MCH2
-APC and B lymphocytes
Explain pathway of HIV replication
-HIV binds to CD4 cell by receptors and chemokine receptor
-Viral portion is now in CD4
-Reverse transcriptase make viral RNA into cDNA
-Integration: Integrate allows cDNA into nucleus
-Transcription: cDNA to mRNA
-Translation: mRNA to rRNA
-Cleavage: Protease cuts off peices
-Budding
A patient with a weakened immune system develops purple or brown patches on their skin and sometimes inside the mouth. What is the name of this type of cancer, and which virus is commonly associated with it?
A. Basal cell carcinoma; Human papillomavirus (HPV)
B. Kaposi’s sarcoma; Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
C. Melanoma; Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
D. Squamous cell carcinoma; Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
B. Kaposi’s sarcoma; Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
What two cytokines play the biggest factor in systemic reactions of inflammation(i.e. fever)
Give symptoms of an anaphylactic response, and which symptom is the most common cause of death
-Hypotension(common killer)
-Itching/rash
-Smooth muscle contraction/bronchoconstriction
-Increased VP
-Vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea
What are the symptoms are seen in lupus
-Joint pain
-Butterfly rash
-Renal issues
-Finger tip lesions
-Hair loss
-Pulmonary
-Cardiovascular
CNS
How is AIDS transmitted
Body fluids
What are our ABCDE of skin cancer
-Asymmetry
-Borders
-Color
-Diameter
-Evolving
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation
-HEat
-PAin
-Redness
-SWelling
-Loss of function
A patient was brought into the ER from American Red Cross blood bank. The patient presents with Chills and back pain
Flank pain and headache
Nausea
A sense of anxiety and unease
His vital signs are:
Temperature: 38.9°C (102°F)
Heart rate: 118 bpm
Blood pressure: 88/54 mmHg
Respiratory rate: 22 breaths/min
Question:
What Reaction is occurring (explain it), and what type of reaction is this?
ABO type 2 reaction
You are a nurse in a community health clinic. A 42-year-old man named Carlos R. comes in complaining of:
Persistent cough for 4 weeks
Unexplained weight loss (10 lbs in the last month)
Night sweats
Fatigue and low-grade fever
Occasional bloody sputum
He is originally from the Philippines and moved to the U.S. 2 years ago. He works in a crowded food processing plant and lives in a small apartment with extended family.
On physical exam:
He appears thin and tired
Mild crackles are heard in the upper lobes of the lungs
Temperature: 37.8°C (100.0°F)
No lymphadenopathy
Question:
What would you assume he has, why?
What type of reaction is this and what are major cells involved in containing this ?
-TB
-Type 4, CG4, CD8, Macrophages
Symptoms of Toxoplasmosis and is it AIDS defining?
-Fever, head each, neuro confusion, lethargy, seizures
-AIDS defining
Mrs. Smith, a 62-year-old woman, visits the clinic because she noticed a small sore on her nose that hasn’t healed for about 3 months. She says it sometimes bleeds when she touches it but doesn’t hurt.
On examination, you see a pearly, raised bump with visible tiny blood vessels (telangiectasia) on the tip of her nose. The skin around it looks slightly shiny.
Mrs. Smith spends a lot of time gardening without sunscreen and has a history of frequent sunburns during her youth.
Question:
What type of cancer would you first look into based on its description
BCC
Ms. Johnson, a 48-year-old woman, visits her primary care provider complaining of:
Joint pain and stiffness in her hands and wrists, worse in the mornings and lasting more than an hour
Swelling and warmth around several finger joints
Fatigue and low-grade fever
Difficulty gripping objects and opening jars
Symptoms have gradually worsened over the past 3 months
On physical exam:
Bilateral swelling of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints
Tenderness and decreased range of motion in affected joints
No deformities yet
Laboratory findings:
Positive rheumatoid factor (RF)
Elevated anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies
Elevated ESR and CRP
Questions:
1. What Ig does RF attack
2. Give two long term effects this inflammatory disease can have
1. IgG
2. Lungs, kidneys
You are assessing Emily Parker, a 28-year-old woman presenting with:
Unintentional weight loss (12 lbs in 2 months)
Palpitations and heat intolerance
Nervousness and irritability
Fine hand tremors and insomnia
Irregular, light menstrual periods
Lab results:
TSH: Undetectable
Free T4: Elevated
T3: Elevated
TSI (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin): Positive
Questions:
-What is her diagnosis
-What what hypersensitivity rxn is this, and why do you think that?
Hyperthyroidism Type 2 reaction
A 45-year-old man received a kidney transplant 3 weeks ago. He comes to the clinic complaining of:
Fever
Tenderness and swelling over the transplant site
Decreased urine output
Elevated blood pressure
Lab results show:
Rising serum creatinine levels (indicating declining kidney function)
Urinalysis reveals proteinuria and presence of white blood cells
Questions"
1. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is most likely responsible for this
2.Which immune cells are primarily involved in this type of hypersensitivity reaction?
3. Briefly explain how these immune cells cause damage to the transplanted kidney.
-Type 4
-CD4 cells and MHC
A 38-year-old man arrives at the emergency department complaining of:
High fever (39.5°C / 103.1°F)
Productive cough with greenish sputum for 4 days
Shortness of breath and chest pain when breathing deeply
Fatigue and night sweats. Vital signs on admission:
Heart rate: 115 bpm
Respiratory rate: 28 breaths/min
Blood pressure: 110/70 mmHg
Oxygen saturation: 88% on room air
Lab tests show:
CD4 count: 150 cells/mm³ (normal: 500–1500 cells/mm³)
Elevated white blood cell count with neutrophilia
Chest X-ray reveals right lower lobe consolidation
What diseases does he have?
HIV and Bacterial pneumonia
Mr. Daniels, a 45-year-old man, comes to the dermatology clinic concerned about a mole on his left shoulder that has changed over the past 6 months. He reports that the mole has:
Increased in size from about 5 mm to 12 mm
Developed irregular, asymmetrical borders
Changed color, showing varying shades of brown, black, and some red areas
Occasionally itches but does not bleed
He has a history of multiple sunburns during childhood and often works outdoors without sun protection. Family history reveals his mother had melanoma diagnosed at age 50.
On physical exam, the lesion measures 12 mm in diameter, is asymmetric, has uneven coloration, and an irregular border. No palpable lymphadenopathy is noted.
Questions:What would you diagnose with, why
Melanoma
Which cytokine is most involved in activating macrophages and promoting the Th1 immune response during chronic inflammation?
A. Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
B. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
C. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
D. Interleukin-17 (IL-17)
B