Foundations of Patho
Pathophysiology is the study of ______ changes in the body due to disease.
Functional/physiologic changes.
Decrease in cell size = ________.
Atrophy.
Humans normally have how many pairs of chromosomes?
23 pairs (46 total).
Name the 3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
Alarm → Resistance → Exhaustion.
Define “neoplasm.”
Neoplasm = new growth/tumor due to uncontrolled cell proliferation
True or False: Health is simply the absence of disease.
False – Health = complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just absence of disease.
Increase in cell number = ________.
Hyperplasia.
Which chromosomal abnormality causes Down syndrome?
Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome 21).
Which hormones are released during the stress response? (Name 2)
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, ADH. (any 2 accepted).
What is the first stage of carcinogenesis?
Initiation (DNA mutation).
Define etiology.
Etiology = cause or origin of a disease.
A mature cell type replaced by another mature cell type = ________.
Metaplasia.
Huntington’s disease is which type of inheritance?
Autosomal dominant.
List 2 physical signs of prolonged stress.
Examples: Hypertension, fatigue, insomnia, GI upset, frequent infections.
Which type of tumor is encapsulated: benign or malignant?
Benign tumors are encapsulated.
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
Sign = objective, observable by provider (e.g., fever, rash). Symptom = subjective, reported by patient (e.g., pain, fatigue).
Which adaptation is often a precancerous change: dysplasia or hypertrophy?
Dysplasia (precancerous).
Give one example of an X-linked recessive disorder.
Examples: Hemophilia A, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Color blindness.
Give 2 examples of chemical environmental hazards.
Examples: Asbestos, cigarette smoke, pesticides, industrial chemicals.
List 3 warning signs of cancer.
Examples: Unexplained weight loss, unusual bleeding, mole changes, lump/swelling, persistent cough, fatigue.
What factors can disrupt homeostasis? (Name 3)
Aging, genetics, environment, lifestyle.
Compare and contrast apoptosis vs necrosis.
Apoptosis = programmed, controlled cell death (normal process). Necrosis = uncontrolled cell death due to injury/damage (pathologic).
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = genetic makeup/alleles. Phenotype = physical expression/traits.
Why are children more at risk for environmental hazards than adults?
Children have immature immune systems, higher metabolic rates, and developing organs that make them more vulnerable.
Explain how the TNM staging system classifies tumors.
TNM System: