Pathogens
A disease caused by a fungal pathogen
Athletes foot (tineas) or
Yeast infection
Any example of direct transmission
Contact
Droplets
Body fluids
Washing feet with soap and water
clearing dirt and old skin from between toes and nails.
Avoid contact with public surfaces.
These are steps to avoid the spread of
Athletes foot
The type of immunity that is short lived
passive immunity
was once thought to be useless, but it's now believed to play a role in maintaining gut bacteria and helping the immune system, especially in early life.
A viral pathogen that is transmitted sexually (direct contact)
HIV
Any example of indirect transmission
Airborne- particles that remain in the air for a period of time
Contaminated objects
Ingested through food or water
Vaccination
Avoid people with chickenpox
Disinfect areas that could contain virus (door handles)
Antiviral drugs
Chickenpox/ Flu/ Covid
Example of natural passive immunity
Across the placenta in utero
Phage therapy is where we use which pathogen to kill antibiotic resistant bacteria?
uses viruses that infect and kill bacteria (called bacteriophages) as a treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections—an old idea making a comeback due to superbugs.
A bacterial pathogen that is transmitted through uncooked food or food that was prepared in an unclean area
Salmonella
The mode of transmission of athletes foot
Direct contact or
Contaminated floors/shoes/socks
Washing hands with soap and water before and after handling foods
Cook/ reheat all meat up to 75 degrees celsius, and store in a fridge and air-tight container when not eating
Salmonella
Example of artificial passive immunity
Antivenom antibodies
or
Monoclonal antibodies given to cancer patients
Penicillin, the first true antibiotic, was discovered by accident in 1928 by Alexander Fleming when he noticed that a mold (Penicillium notatum) killed bacteria growing in a petri dish.
What type of pathogen is penicillin?
Fungus!
They used a fungus to kill bacteria
A peracetic pathogen that is transmitted through animal faeces
Toxoplasmosis
The mode of transmission for any virus (except HIV)
Indirect contact- Air borne, contaminated objects
or
Direct contact:
Droplets
Body fluids
Don't share items that touch your head ( beanies, caps, combs, helmets)
Parasite/ Lice
Example of active natural immunity
Exposed to Covid-19, experiences symptoms;
Develops antibodies as a result.
How is antivenom made?
Venom is collected, and injected into a horse or sheep.
The antibodies are harvested from them and given to someone with venom poisoning
A viral pathogen that is be transmitted through direct contact
Chickenpox
Not: Flu or covid as that is indirect
Explain how malaria (protozoa) is transmitted via a mosquito
Mosquito is a vector, a vehicle that carries a pathogen
So this would be indirect transmission as the mosquito is the contaminated surfaced/object
Sleep with a mosquito net
Wear protective clothing
Insect repellant
Malaria
Explain why active immunity lasts longer than passive immunity
Active-Body will have cells that remember what a pathogen looks like, and can create more antibodies.
Passive- Body has no memory of pathogens and has a limited amount of antibodies, that cannot be made again if needed.
Leeches contain an anticoagulant in their saliva when they latch onto a host.
What affect will this have on blood vessels?
It allows blood to flow more easily