Let's Go Viral
This disease is a classic example of spongiform encephalopathy previously seen amongst cannibals in an area around the Pacific.
Kuru
This a common yet varied CNS tumor that are more commonly seen along the parasagittal area or convexity of the brain.
Meningioma
Demyelination is enacted by this cell type as seen in multiple sclerosis.
Macrophages, microglia
Absence of dystrophin is typical of this disease.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
This is the process by which an axon distal to a site of injury is actively destroyed by macrophages. This precedes any eventual recovery (if any).
Axonal Degeneration or Wallerian Degeneration
This infection is well known for causing hemorrhagic complications.
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
This is a WHO grade II tumor that is commonly found in children and have characteristic hair-like processes under the microscope.
This demyelinating disease, histopathologically, is characterized by concentric rings of demyelination w/ intervening areas of relative myelin spared all around a perivenular space.
Balo's Concentric Sclerosis
Patients with identified core myopathies due to RYR1 defect is at risk for this complication during surgery.
Malignant Hyperthermia
This disease entity is defined by an acute demyelinating process from the nerve roots to the peripheral nerve itself. There would be prominent perivascular epineurial and endoneurial lymphocytes and macrophages.
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Name one of the most common organisms seen in bacterial meningitis for patients who are immunocompromised (e.g. elderly, diabetics, alcoholics, etc.) according to Greenfield.
L. monocytogenes or Group B Streptococci
This tumor is seen among the younger populace. They tend to be located around CSF containing spaces, specifically the ventricles or the spinal canal.
Ependymoma
Perivascular cuffing is seen in both MS and its variants as well as adrenoleukodystrophy. Its presence ONLY in areas of demyelination is more consistent with this.
You are presented with an adolescent male who complained of steady progressive weakness over his shoulders and hips. He already had workup before and he was told that there were no problems with his dystrophin. You reviewed his biopsy results prior and he was noted to have deficient dysferlin. This puts him under this broad category of dystrophies.
Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (i.e. LGMD 2B)
In AMAN, preferential involvement of motor nerves can be explained by antibody preference for this antigen that is found more in motor nerves compared to sensory ones.
GD1a
This collection of macrophages/microglia around an area of necrosis is seen in patients with cerebral malaria.
Durck Granuloma
You have a 40 year old patient with a first onset seizure. He already had a contrast CT scan done elsewhere showing a mass in the right frontal lobe. He also underwent craniotomy and excision of the tumor. He cannot recall his diagnosis but showed you a histopathologic report saying that it was ATRX negative and had a 1p/19q co-deletion.
Oligodendroglioma
This is believed to be part of the spectrum of ADEM and is characterized by a rapidly progressive disease with larger lesions and punctutate hemorrhages.
Acute Hemorraghic Leukoencephalitis (AHLE) aka Weston-Hurst Disease
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
This can be seen in peripheral nerve specimens for patients with tuberculoid leprosy.
Granuloma Formation
You are presented with a 20 year old male, known case of HIV, who recently expired after a long hospital course. He was being treated for multiple infections. A few days prior to his demise, he was complaining of headaches but unfortunately cranial imaging was never done. Upon autopsy of the brain, you see a grossly necrotic left frontal lobe w/ abscess formation. On histopathologic examination, you see septated hyphae w/ angular branches.
Aspergillus spp.
IDH-1 mutations produce this oncometabolite.
2-hydroxyglutarate
Prior to the discover of the anti-Aquaporin 4 antibody, many patients with atypical optic neuritis w/ extensive longitudinal spinal cord lesions were classified as this disease entity.
Optico-Spinal Multiple Sclerosis
This can be seen amongst patients w/ statin-induced myopathy who do not improve despite stopping their medication.
Anti-HMGCR
You are presented with a patient complaining of numbness and weakness in both arms and legs. EMG-NCV was remarkable for polyneuropathy. You did a nerve biopsy showing perivascular lymphocyte infiltrates with mural wall necrosis and neutrophilic infiltration of the nerve.
Vasculitic Neuropathy