Cell Central
Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the cell's ATP?
Mitochondria
What cellular adaptation occurs when individual cells increase in size?
Hypertrophy
What fluid compartment contains fluid located inside the cells?
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
What type of solution is 0.9% sodium chloride?
Isotonic
What pressure represents the pushing force of fluid in the bloodstream?
Hydrostatic pressure
Which cellular structure is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
What cellular adaptation occurs when the number of cells in a tissue increases?
Hyperplasia
Which electrolyte is the major ion of the extracellular fluid?
Sodium (Na⁺)
A cell is exposed to an isotonic solution. What happens to the cell's size?
The cell stays approximately the same size because an isotonic solution does not cause a net fluid shift.
What pressure is created by albumin in the bloodstream?
Oncotic pressure — created by albumin in the bloodstream.
Which organelle modifies, packages, and prepares proteins for secretion?
Golgi Apparatus
A patient's leg has been immobilized in a cast for several weeks. The muscle cells become smaller from decreased use. What cellular adaptation has occurred?
Atrophy
Which electrolyte is the major ion of the intracellular fluid?
Potassium (K⁺)
A hypotonic IV solution is administered. In which direction will water move: from the ECF into the ICF or from the ICF into the ECF?
ECF → ICF. Water moves into the cells, causing them to swell.
Increased plasma concentration stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. What hormone is released that causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin). It stimulates the kidney nephron to reabsorb more water.
A cell experiences inadequate oxygen and can no longer produce enough ATP through aerobic metabolism. Which type of metabolism will the cell increasingly use?
Anaerobic metabolism
A patient has chronic hypertension. Over time, the left ventricular muscle enlarges because it must work harder to pump blood. What cellular adaptation is occurring?
Hypertrophy
Molecules move passively from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached. What transport mechanism is occurring?
Diffusion — molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
A cell is exposed to a hypertonic solution. Will the cell swell or shrink? Explain the direction that water moves.
The cell shrinks. Water moves out of the ICF and into the ECF.
A dehydrated patient develops hypovolemia and hypotension. Which hormonal system becomes activated to increase sodium and water retention?
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
A patient's cells experience prolonged hypoxia. ATP production falls significantly. Explain why decreased ATP can eventually cause cellular dysfunction.
Decreased ATP causes energy-dependent cellular processes to fail. The cell cannot maintain normal functions such as active transport and ion balance, which contributes to cellular dysfunction and eventually cell injury.
Chronic irritation causes one mature cell type to be replaced by another mature cell type that is better able to tolerate the stress. What cellular adaptation has occurred?
Metaplasia
Water moves across a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution toward a more concentrated solution. What transport mechanism explains this movement?
Osmosis — water moves through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution toward a more concentrated solution.
A patient receives 3% sodium chloride. Water begins moving from the intracellular space into the extracellular space. Identify the solution's tonicity and explain why the cells shrink.
3% sodium chloride contains more particles/less water than blood, so it pulls water from the ICF → ECF, causing the cells to shrink.
A patient has significantly decreased albumin and develops edema. Explain how decreased albumin contributes to fluid accumulating in the tissues.
Decreased albumin causes decreased osmotic/oncotic pressure in the blood, reducing the force that helps keep/pull fluid into the bloodstream. Fluid therefore accumulates in the tissues, contributing to edema.