Pathophysiology

Chapter 20

100

What are signs of cancer?

Change in bowel or bladder habits 

A sore that does not heal 

Unusual bleeding or discharge

Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere 

Indigestion or difficulty swallowing 

Obvious change in a wart or mole 

Nagging cough or hoarseness

200

Name of neoplasm tissue of origin 

Epithelial tissue  

Bone / Connective tissue 

Lymphatic tissue 

300

_________ _________ can grow but is often encapsulated and does not spread. It is usually freely movable on examination.

Benign tumor

400

List different causes of cancer

- Chemical Carcinogens

- Radiation 

- Hormone 

- Virus

- Genetic Disposition

- Smoking 

- Diet

- Pregnancy

500

Epstein - Barr virus has been associated with ___________ _____________

Burkitt's Lymphoma

Chapter 1

100

What are the 3 types of gangrene 

- Dry gangrene

- Wet gangrene 

- Gas gangrene 

200

What are the 4 types of necrosis?

- Liquefaction necrosis

- Coagulative necrosis 

- Fat necrosis 

- Caseous necrosis 

300

What are different levels of prevention

- Primordial Prevention 

- Primary Prevention 

- Secondary Prevention 

- Tertiary Prevention 

400

List and define different causes of etiology 

Idiopathic means a disease from unknown cause 

Iatrogenic means a disease from treatment, procedure, or error 

Nosocomial means a disease acquired from a hospital environment 

500

Define Subclinical

state happens when pathologic changes have occurred, but the patient exhibits no symptom manifestation 

Chapter 4

100

Define Somatic pain 

Pain sensation from the skin, bone, and muscles

200

Opioid (Morphine) is an example of treatment for what pain option 

Moderate pain

300

List the pain pathway in order

4. Perceptual level 

3. Brain level 

2. Spinal cord

1. Receptor level 

400

S / S: pain around the eyes and forehead 

Tx: over - the - counter pain medications 

These characteristics are related to which type of headache?

Sinus headache

500

State the characteristics of a migraine headache and the mnemonic for diagnosing one 

• Etiology: not fully understood, hypothesized to be dues to increase in neural activities at eh pain center of somatosensory cortex, which lead to a release of chemical signals that cause inflammation to the brain blood vessels
• Risk factors: genetics, dietary, weather change, stress, menstruation, hinger
• S / S: begins with visual disturbances, dizziness, follows by throbbing, incapacitating pain, usually in the front, lasted a few hours to days, heightened perception to external stimuli, visual aura
• Dx: POUND mnemonic
• Pulsatile pain
• One day duration
• Unilateral
• Nausea (or vomiting)
• Disabling intensity
• Tx: Analgesics, Triptans, Ergotamine

Chapter 7

100

Which line of defense is a mechanical barrier?

First line of defense

200

Example of Passive natural immunity 

Maternal antibody crosses placenta or in breast milk

300

Provide examples for the 5 types of hypersensitivities

• Type I Hypersensitivity causes allergic rhinitis and urticaria
• Type II Hypersensitivity causes blood transfusion reaction
• Type III Hypersensitivity causes serum sickness
• Type IV Hypersensitivity causes contact dermatitis
• Type V Hypersensitivity causes Grave disease

400

Notable for its butterfly - shaped rash 

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

500

What is the function of the 5 subtypes of antibodies 

• IgG is the main antibody immune response, most abundant, crosses placenta to create passive immunity, fixes complement
• IgA is found in saliva, tears, colostrum (breast milk), and mucous membranes
• IgM is 1st antibody to produce in immune response, involved in ABO blood type
• IgE attached to mast cells in mucous membranes, if bind to allergen, mast cells release histamine and inflammatory chemicals
• IgD attached to B cells, works as a receptor

Chapter 6

100

Salmonella causes ____________ _____________ as ___________ _________ is common cause of nosocomial infections

Typhoid fever 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

200

Different shapes of bacteria 

• Bacilli refers to bacteria with rod shape
• Spirals refers to bacteria with “wavy” line or corkscrew shape
• Cocci refers to bacteria with spherical shape
• Diplo – is prefix for a pair of bacteria
• Strep – is a prefix for a chain of bacteria
• Staph – is a prefix for a cluster of bacteria
• Tetrads refers to a pack of four bacteria

300

Borrelia burgdorferi causes 

Lyme disease

400

List the different reproductive mechanisms of bacteria 

Binary fission 

Endospore 

Plasmids

500

Antibiotics treatment mechanisms (there is 5)

• 1. Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis works by rupturing the bacteria wall due to high osmotic pressure
• 2. Antibiotics that increase bacterial cell membrane permeability and rupture the bacteria
• 3. Antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
• 4. Antibiotics that inhibit other metabolic processes, such as folic acid synthesis
• 5. Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis works by inhibiting either 30s subunits or 50s subunit of bacteria ribosome