Causes (HFrEF)
This is the most common cause of HFrEF and involves a buildup of plaque in coronary arteries
What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?
This age-related change stiffens the myocardium, impairing diastolic filling
What is aging?
Right HF is commonly a progression from this type of HF
What is left HF?
These sensors detect low BP and activate the sympathetic nervous system
What are baroreceptors?
Shortness of breath in left HF is medically termed this
What is dyspnea?
Sudden complete blockage of a coronary artery leads to this event, causing necrosis of the myocardium
What is a myocardial infarction (MI)?
Long-standing high blood pressure leads to this condition, a major cause of HFpEF
What is left ventricular hypertrophy?
Backflow into this circulation causes peripheral edema
What is the systemic circulation?
This hormone system is activated to increase blood volume and afterload
What is RAAS?
Difficulty breathing when lying flat is known as this
What is orthopnea?
This form of cardiomyopathy enlarges and weakens the left ventricle, impairing pumping
What is dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
This metabolic disease contributes to HFpEF by promoting myocardial fibrosis
What is diabetes mellitus?
Name one lung disease that can cause pulmonary hypertension leading to right HF
What is COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary embolism or interstitial lung disease?
This enzyme converts angiotensin I to its active form
What is angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)?
Swelling of legs and feet due to right HF is called this
What is peripheral edema?
Name one valvular heart disease that can lead to HFrEF due to volume overload
What is aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation?
Excess of this tissue type increases systemic inflammation and cardiac workload
What is adipose tissue (obesity)?
This valve disease can increase volume load on the right ventricle
What is tricuspid valve disease?
This adrenal hormone increases sodium and water reabsorption
What is aldosterone?
Fluid in the abdomen due to right HF is called this
What is ascites?
Name two non-genetic factors that can cause dilated cardiomyopathy
What is viral myocarditis, alcohol abuse or cardiotoxic drugs like anthracyclines (used in chemotherapy)?
HFpEF occurs when the heart’s ability to do this phase is impaired, even with normal contraction
What is diastolic filling (or relaxation)?
This irregular heart rhythm can cause right HF by disrupting ventricular filling
What is atrial fibrillation (AF)?
The Frank-Starling mechanism increases this at first but becomes maladaptive with chronic overload
What is preload?
This neck vein sign indicates raised venous pressure in right HF
What is elevated JVP or jugular venous distension?