Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalance
Consists of interstitial matrix and blood plasma. Approximately 33% of total body fluid.
Response to injury and/or infection. The early part of the immune response
excretion
regulation of blood volume and BP
regulation of blood solute concentration
regulation of extracellular pH
stimulation of RBC production
activation of vitamin D
What are the major functions of the kidneys?
normal range is 7.35-7.45
What is the normal range of pH?
problems with intake
problems with output
problems with distribution
What are causes of fluid imbalances?
Used only in reference to biological systems. Concentration gradient of non-penetrating particles. Determines compartment volume.
What is Tonicity?
Redness
Pain
Swelling
Heat
Loss of Function
What are the cardinal signs of Inflammation?
kidneys
ureter
bladder
urethra
What are the major structures of the urinary system?
CO2 level greater than 45 mmHg
What level of CO2 is acidic?
Juxtamedullary & Cortical
What are the types of nephrons?
High arterial pressure
venous obstruction
plasma protein leakage
decrease in plasma protein concentration
lymphatic obstruction
What are some possible causes of edema?
Natural Barriers
Cells (i.e. Neutrophils, etc)
Protein Systems
What are the components of Innate Immunity?
The functional Unit of the Kidney. Consists of glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.
What is a nephron?
CO2 and HCO3 are both abnormal, but pH is within normal range.
What is full compensation?
Occurs at afferent arteriole. Can be altered by constriction of smooth muscle.
What is GFR?
Lung
Kidney
What are the main sites of pH regulation?
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes - Macrophages & Dendritic Cells
*These do not recognize specific pathogens; recognize PAMPs
What are the cells of Innate Immunity?
Due to glomerular plasma proteins and solutes. Opposes filtration.
What is Osmotic glomerular filtration pressure?
CO2, HCO3, and pH are all abnormal.
Capillaries surrounding the loop of Henle. Permeable to water, sodium chloride, and urea.
What is the vasa recta?
fluid movement out is greater than fluid movement in.
What is the net result of capillary fluid exchange?
Dendritic cells and macrophages digest invading microbe and then present the antigen of the microbe to lympocytes. Bride between innate and adaptive immunity.
What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Blood pressure in the glomerulus. Favors filtration.
What is hydrostatic glomerular filtration pressure?
metabolic acidosis, uncompensated
What condition is caused by pH less than 7.35, HCO3 less than 22 mmEq/L, and CO2 in normal range?
Result of recurring or progressive acute inflammatory responses. Can eventually lead to tissue damage.
What is chronic inflammation?