Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Inflammation
Healing
Pain
100
The phagocytic cells involved in the first line of defense
Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, (neutrophils, too sometimes)
100
What are the two types of B lymphocytes they differentiate into? Where do they mature?
Memory B cells and plasma cells. Mature in the bone marrow.
100
The signs/symptoms of inflammation
Body's nonspecific response to tissue injury, resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain, and perhaps a loss of function
100
What is a granuloma and how does it contribute to the healing process?
A small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis after inflammation begins to clear. Beginning of new tissue growth with a high amount of nutrient supply
100
Somatic vs visceral pain. BONUS! differentiate phantom pain.
Somatic: pain originates from skin, muscle, or bone
Visceral pain: pain that originates from internal organs
Phantom pain: supposed pain from a missing limb
200
The role of chemotaxis in innate immunity and the chemical it involves.
Create a chemical highway for other immune cells to follow to the site of trauma. Involves chemokines released by granulocytes.
200
Differences between the three T cell types. What are their markers?
Helper T cells (CD4) - assistance and secrete cytokines to enhance immune response
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) - kill target cells by inducing apoptosis. Important during viral protection
Regulatory T cells (CD4) - supress or inhibit other T cells to not cause overreactions and in worst cases, autoimmune disorders.
200
Name the five types of exudate
Serous, fibrinous, purulent, abscess, hemorrhage
200
Difference between 1st and 2nd intention healing.
1st: small wound, clean scaring
2nd: larger wound, messy scaring, possibly altering function
200
Neospinothalamic vs. paleospinothalamic tracts of the pain pathways
Neospinothalamic tract: quick sharp (acute) pain
Paleospinothalamic tract: slow, aching (chronic) pain
300
The difference between MHC 1 and MHC 2 in antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells)
MHC 1: deals with internal pathogens and presents antigen to T cells
MHC 2: deals with engulfed pathogens that have been broken apart by lysosomes. Presents antigen to T cells.
300
Describe the difference between active and passive immunity and how they are obtained?
Active: stimulates the body to create its own antibodies in response to a pathological influence
Passive: gained immunity through receiving premade antibodies
300
What is the main goal of the inflammatory response and why is fever important in the process? What is the fever chemical mediator?
To create a clean and open space for tissue regrowth. Fever is promoted by pyrogens that create an environment that aid the immune system in defense and places stress on pathogens
300
Describe the possible complications of the healing process.
Episodes of acute inflammation (noticed in the joints), ulcer development (tissue death), perforation (tissue tearing from tightening), scar tissue (can build up to restrict movement: rheumatoid arthritis!)
300
List pain management of mild/moderate/severe pains. BONUS: describe other methods of severe pain management to severe or target the pain pathway
mild: APAP, NSAIDs
moderate: codeine, oxycodone
severe: morphine
BONUS: rhizotomy or cordotomy, local injected anesthetics, pump implants.
400
The origin of complement and the complement cascade for handling pathogens
Originate in the liver and follow a signaling cascade to surround and drill holes into the pathogen cell surface to make it easier for phagocytes to clean up the job.
400
Name the five antibodies and their roles.
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
400
Steps of inflammation (chemical mediators and their jobs)
1. Injury to capillaries and tissue cells
2. Release of bradykinin from injured cells
3. Bradykinin stimulates pain receptors.
4. Pain causes release of histamine.
5. Bradykinin and histamine cause capillary dilation.
6. A break in skin allows bacteria to enter the tissue
7. Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
8. Macrophages (mature monocytes) leave the bloodstream and phagocytose microbes.
400
Describe resolution, regeneration, and replacement (three fates of tissues after injury)
Resolution: functioning cells after injury and can fully recover
Regeneration: growth of new functional cells while old cells are removed as debris (seen in hepatocytes)
Replacement: highly damaged cells are replaced with nonfunctionsal tissue such as fibrous scar tissue.
400
Describe open and closed gate theory?
Did you draw it correctly?? :)
500
Describe the detailed roles of each leukocyte involved in innate immunity: macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, etc.
Macrophage:A large, phagocytic, agranulocyte cell. Largest phagocytes that engulf pathogens.
Neutrophils: A phagocytic granulocyte that is attracted to the trauma site through chemotaxis, hastening pathogen destruction after macrophages; release chemical mediators like histamine.
Unfinished.
500
Describe how T cells mature in the thymus and how they gain their markers and jobs.
Thymic epithelial cells carry out positive selection to add two cell receptors: CD4 and CD8. The marked thymocytes undergo negative selection to test if their CD4 or CD8 receptors bind to the antigen. Finally, they become either a mature CD4 Th cell or mature CD8 Tc cell through cell signaling messages.
500
Name the medications that may be prescribed for for inflammation? Fever? Pain? What is the long term effects of prolonged steroid use?
ASA, APAP (only fever and pain), NSAIDS, steroids (medrol packs)
500
Name factors that promote healing and delay healing. Why?
Promote: -proper nutrition (vitamins and minerals)
-youth (fast recovery)
-vitamins A and C (build structural strength and prevent infections)
-adequate hemoglobin (carries oxygen to injured sites)
-effective circulation (faster healing and material movement,
Delay -poor nutrition
-advanced age (slower healing capabilities, less cell division)
-anemia (fewer blood components to assist in healing)
-circulatory problems
-presence of other disorders (ex: diabetes, cancer)
-irritation to local area
-infection (delayed healing response)
-radiation (chemotherapy)
-prolonged glucocorticoid use (prohibits inflammation)
500
List the types of pain a patient may experience: types of headaches (there are five to remember) and additional complex pain types (there are five as well) **HINT nerve pains, impaired function
Refers to the slides lol