Eye Can't See or Hear
3 protective eye structures/functions
Eyelids-removes debris and moisturizes eye surface.
Conjunctiva- mucous membrane lining the undersurface of the eyelid and front of the eye
Lacrimal glands- produce tears, protect against bacterial infection, remove waste/debris, provides nutrients & moistens.
What is a Schwann cell?
This PNS cell type produces myelin and helps repair damaged axons
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
Autoimmune disease that damages myelin sheath in the CNS leading to impaired nerve conduction.
What is the synaptic cleft?
The gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.
3 major subtypes of anxiety disorders
Generalized,panic disorder,phobic disorders
Disorders of the ear(external, middle, and inner)
External-What is Swimmer’s ear/otitis external? Caused by cerumen accumulation, draining, or obstruction.
Middle-What is Otitis media? Caused by sudden atmospheric pressure resulting in barometric stress.
Inner-What is tinnitus? Ringing in the ears. What is Ménière disease?severe vertigo. Caused by destruction of inner hair cells/ neural pathway damage.
3 key essential elements for optimal neural cell function.
What are oxygen, glucose, and electrolytes (sodium,potassium, calcium)?
What is Parkinson’s disease
Disorder caused by dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia,leading to tremors and rigidity.
What is reuptake?
The process of neurotransmitters being reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron.
What is the amygdala?
Brain structure crucial for emotional regulation and is linked to anxiety and fear responses.
Differences between the 3 types of conjunctivitis
What is viral conjunctivitis? Bacterial conjunctivitis? Allergic conjunctivitis?
Viral-affects 1 eye,excessive eye watering/heavy discharge
Bacterial-affects both eyes,heavy discharge
Allergic-affects both eyes, itching, redness, excessive watering
What is saltatory conduction?
This process allows nerve impulses to "jump" between nodes, increasing conduction speed.
What are focused and generalized seizures?
Two types of strokes that differ in their brain involvement: one affects a single region while the other affects both hemispheres.
What is GABA?
Inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate anxiety and is the target of benzodiazepines.
What is the prefrontal cortex?
Altered functioning of this brain region, which is involved in emotional regulation, is often seen in patients with mood disorders , including major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.
Visual Function Alterations : Refraction(4) & Eye Movement (4)
Refraction: myopia(nearsightedness),hyperopia(farsightedness),Astigmatism (blurring), Presbyopia (farsightedness due to aging)
Movement:
Strabismus (crossed eyes), Amblyopia (lazy eye), Diplopia (double vision), Nystagmus (abnormal function in the brain, labyrinth of the inner ear, and vestibular pathways)
What is a subthreshold stimulus?
A stimulus that dies not reach the required threshold to trigger an action potential.
What is a persistent vegetative state?
State where person loses awareness but retains basic bodily functions unlike brain death.
What is enzymatic degradation?
Process by which a neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.
What is the HPA axis?
In generalized anxiety disorder, chronic activation of this stress related system contributes to heightened anxiety and arousal.
Second leading cause of blindness, 2 Types
Open Angle Glaucoma
*most common* ^IOP due to v aqueous humor production and outflow.
-chronic/hereditary -Obstructed/clogged trabecular network that drains aqueous humor=^ IOP
Angle closure Glaucoma(acute/narrow angle)
-Rapid rise in IOP due to blockage of aqueous humor drainage due to narrowing or closing of the anterior chamber angle
-Complete closure (acute crisis)= acute glaucoma
The three main types of neurons and their functions.
What are sensory, motor, and interneurons?
What is Alzheimers disease?
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and amyloid plaques.
What is receptor downregulation?
Condition when neurotransmitter receptors become desensitized after prolonged exposure to high levels of neurotransmitters, leading to imbalance.
What is the hippocampus?
Brain structure that plays a central role in the regulation of mood. Often smaller in those with major depressive disorder.