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Forward displacement of the eye caused by hypothyroidism, Graves’ disease, inflammatory conditions and cancer
Proptosis
Vascular benign growth of tissue in conjunctiva. Causes are UV and aging
Pinguecula
Opacity of crystalline lens, usually bilaterally. Leading cause of blindness worldwide. Causes age related, congenital, systemic disease, drugs, radiation exposure and smoking.Bonus: what are the S/S
Cataract
Progressive blurring of vision, glare bright lights while night driving.
What are the S/S of retina detachment?
Increased floaters and flashes. Unilateral painless vision loss. Curtain across visual field
Explain ectropion vs. entropion
Ectropion= outward turning if the lower eyelid. Impaired lid closure. Increased tearing, corneal/conjunctival irritation.
Entropion= Inward turning of the lid, lashes rub on the cornea, leads to chronic irritation
Bacterial infection of hair follicles. S/S include localized erythema, swelling and tenderness. What is special about this infection?
Hordeolum (stye)
Triangular shaped fibroconnective tissue from conjunctiva to cornea. Causes exposure to sun, wind, dust and sand
Pterygium
Explain aqueous humor circulation
Secreted by ciliary bodies 1-2 ml per minute into posterior chamber. Circulates from pupil to anterior chamber. Reabsorbed through scleral schlemm canals
Explain papilledema including causes
Edema head of the optic nerve which causes optic disc swelling. Causes are increased ICP, severe hypertension, neoplasm or optic neuritis
Give an example of when you’d expect to see lid lag.
Proptosis
Secondary to periorbital trauma. A dermal Infection caused by bacteria. Name the bacteria and disease
periorbital cellulitis
Pre-orbital S.Aures, H. Influenzas streptococcus
Infectious causes include bacterial, viral and fungal. Noninfectious include exposure, dry eye, loss of sensation, allergic of inflammatory eye disorder. S/S include pain, photophobia, tearing, reduced vision, purple t or watery discharge
Corneal ulcers
What are the two types of glaucoma and how do they occur? What are the results of each?
1. Open angle= clogged drainage hole. Progressive loss of peripheral vision results in bilateral tunnel vision.
2. Angle closure=Sudden closure of anterior chamber angle. Sudden onset of pain, blurred vision, halos around lights, nausea
Sudden monocular vision loss. Causes retinal hemorrhages, venous dilation, cotton wool spots and swelling of optic disc. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking and estrogen therapy.
Retinal vein occlusions
Compare and contrast chalazion vs. hordeolum
Chalazion Hordeolum
Meibomian gland Zeis & moll glands
Involves lid Along lid margin
Points internally Points externally
Inflammation Infection (staph)
Chronic stye “Pig stye”
Granulomatous inflammation of the meibomian gland. S/S hard no tender swelling of upper of lower eyelid
Chalazion
Inflammation, ulceration of cornea. Can affect trigeminal nerve. What causes this?
Keratitis caused by HSV
Explain optic disc cupping
Associated with open angle glaucoma cupping is as large as optic disc. Cupping should be much smaller
Explain hyphema, it’s causes and complications
Blood in the anterior chamber. Causes include trauma. Complications include rebleeding and staining of the cornea
Causes of viral Conjunctivitis and treatment
Adenovirus, HSV
Treatment: hygiene measures and antivirals if HSV
Chronic inflammation of the eyelid. Usually bilateral. S/S irritation, burning and itching. Bonus: what is anterior caused by and what is posterior caused by
Blepharitis
Anterior: staph, mites associated with sebhorric dermatitis
Posterior: inflammation of meibomian glands. Cause staph associated with acne rosacea
Inflammatory cells (exudate) from iris and ciliary body trapped in anterior chamber. S/S injection of conjunctiva associated with corneal ulcers
Hypopyon
There are two types of retinal detachment, explain both.
1. Rhematogenous = tear in hole of retina and traction
2. Fluid accumulation under retina causes choroid tumors and malignant hypertension
What are S/S of allergic conjunctivitis and what is it associated with
Erythema and edema of the conjunctiva. Cobble stone appearance of upper conjunctiva. Associated with allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis
Define Hutchinson sign
Involved in keratitis, unilateral Nasal involvement if the trigeminal nerve