Show:
Distribution of
Body Fluids
Alterations in Water Movement
Alterations in sodium, choride, and water
Alterations in Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium
Acid-Base Balance
100
2/3 of the body's water is located in these compartments
What is Intracellular Fluid? (ICF)
100
Excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces.
What is Edema?
100
refers to a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the plasma.
What is an Isotonic solution?
100
potassium deficiency with a serum potassium concentration less than 3.5 mEq/L. Severe cases commonly cause neuromuscular and cardiac effects. Skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, and cardiac dysrhythmias may result.
What is Hypokalemia?
100
This occurs in response to changes in acid-base balance. Can absorb excess acid or base to minimize fluctuations.
What is buffering? or What are Buffers?
200
1/3 of the body's water is located in these compartments.
What is Extracellular Fluid (ECF) compartments?
200
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, Increased capillary membrane permeability, Lymphatic obstruction.
What are the four most common mechanisms causing edema?
200
these alterations develop when the osmolality of the ECF is elevated above normal. Most common causes are hypernatremia (increased sodium), or a deficit of free water.
What are hypertonic fluid alterations?
200
Excessive intake, shift of potassium from the ICF to the ECF, or decreased renal excretion.
What are the causes of Hyperkalemia?
200
occurs when there is alveolar hyperventilation and decreased concentration of plasma carbon dioxide (hypocapnia). Occurs within minutes of hyperventilation. Symptoms include dizziness, confusion, tingling of extremities, convulsions, and coma. Carpopedal spasms and deep rapid respirations are primary symptoms of the disorders that cause it.
What is Respiratory Alkalosis?
300
Interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid.
What are the two main Extracellular compartments?
300
This pressure facilitates the outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space.
What is Capillary hydrostatic pressure? (Blood pressure)
300
serum sodium levels higher than 147 mEq/L.
What is hypernatremia?
300
parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin.
What are the three substances that regulate Calcium and phosphate balance?
300
When concentration of non-carbonic acids increases or bicarbonate (base) is lost. Can occur quickly as in lactic acidosis from poor perfusion or hypoxemia, or more slowly as in renal falure or diabetic ketoacidosis (excess production of keto acids from lack of insulin).
What is Metabolic Acidosis?
400
The sum of fluids within all compartments.
What is Total Body Water (TBW)?
400
This pressure osmotically attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary.
What is Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure?
400
these imbalances occur when the osmolality of the ECF is less than normal. Most common causes are sodium deficit or free water excess (water intoxication).
What are hypotonic fluid imbalances?
400
nutritional deficiencies, removal of the parathyroid glands, Vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption of fat, Pancreatitis, alkalosis.
What are causes of hypocalcemia? (low calcium)
400
occurs when acid loss is caused by vomiting or gastric suctioning with depletion of ECF sodium, chloride, and potassium. Symptoms vary, but include common symptoms such as weakness, muscle cramps, and hyperactive reflexes. Respirations are slow and shallow to increase carbon dioxide retention. Confusion and convulsions occur when severe.
What is Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis?
500
Fat is water repelling. People with more body fat have less TBW and tend to be more susceptible to fluid imbalances that cause dehydration.
What is true about amount of body fat?
500
facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the capillary.
What is Interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
500
the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients.
What is Hyponatremia? (sodium less than 135 mEq/L)
500
This occurs when there is alveolar hypoventilation. Carbon dioxide is retained, increasing H+ ions.
What is Respiratory Acidosis?
500
Carbon dioxide excess in the blood.
What is hypercapnia?