Acid/Base Balance
22-28
normal level of bicarbonate (HCO3)
elements that flow within the blood, tissues, and cells to maintain homeostasis
Electrolytes
reabsorbs sodium from the renal tubules and excretes potassium
Aldosterone
common complications of GI tract disorders
dehydration and hypovolemia
refers to the yellowish color of the skin and other tissues that results from high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Jaundice (or icterus)
Increased number of hydrogen ions
Acidic
abnormal sensations such as numbness, tingling, and prickling, commonly caused by nerve damage or electrolyte imbalances
Paresthesia
the movement of fluid from an area of low solute concentration (interstitial) to an area of high solute concentration (intravascular)
Osmosis
•Diarrhea may result in
metabolic acidosis due to heavy losses of bicarbonate in the stool.
measures how well the kidneys are filtering blood
Glomerular filtration Rate
Hyperventilation is a cause
Respiratory Alkalosis
involuntary muscle contractions or spasms, often due to low calcium or magnesium levels
Tetany
Swelling of the brain cells
Cerebral edema
What manifestation(s) are expected when a person has a bowel obstruction?
Vomiting, abdominal distention, constipation, dehydration,
•Secreted by the kidneys, stimulates red blood cell production
erythropoietin
pH: 7.30, CO2: 30, HCO3: 18
Partially compensated metabolic acidosis
Results from severe crush injuries
Hyperkalemia
lower concentration of solutes outside the cell compared to inside
Hypotonic
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the prostatic tissue with the formation of nodules surrounding the urethra. This enlargement of the prostate causes compression and obstruction of the urethra
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Manifestations are vague, such as fatigue, malaise, anorexia, nausea, and muscle aches. Liver enzymes start to elevate. Infection is highly transmissible during this stage
Preicteric or Prodromal Stage
Modify the excretion of acids and production/absorption of bicarbonate. Takes the longest but is most effective at maintaining acid-base balance
Kidneys
osmotic pressure in the intravascular compartment falls, causing fluid to leave the intravascular space, entering the interstitial space and the cells.
(high sodium concentration in the blood), such as in hypernatremia, fluid loss, and dehydration, the body compensates.
Hyperosmolar state
part of the intestine slides into an adjacent part of the intestine; this telescoping action often blocks food or fluid from passing through and cuts off the blood supply to the affected part of the intestine
Intussusception
occurs due to a lack of perfusion to the kidneys, so anything that causes decreased blood flow to the kidneys
Prerenal acute kidney injury