Lungs
This 1978 invasion triggered years of Western sanctions.
What is the invasion of Cambodia?
This economic system replaced markets with state planning after reunification.
What is central planning (planned economy)?
This chemical defoliant devastated Vietnamese farmland.
What is Agent Orange?
Who was Vietnam's paramount leader during most of the economic crisis?
Who is Le Duan?
What was Vietnam's peak recorded inflation during the crisis?
774%.
This country invaded Vietnam in 1979 after relations rapidly deteriorated.
What is China?
This 1978 reform wiped out many southern savings overnight.
What is the currency reform?
Approximately how many tons of bombs were dropped on Vietnam?
Around 7 million tons.
What major economic reform was introduced only after Le Duan's death?
What is Đổi Mới?
What reform restored incentives for farmers in 1981?
What is Directive 100?
Vietnam became heavily dependent on this superpower for food, metals and fertilizer throughout the 1980s.
What is the Soviet Union (USSR)?
Roughly how many socialist cooperatives had collapsed by 1980?
About 10,000.
By 1975, how many of North Vietnam's six major industrial cities had been severely damaged or destroyed?
All six.
According to the presentation, what was Le Duan's biggest personal failure?
Delaying policy changes despite evidence they were failing.
What concept do historians use to describe crises caused by multiple sufficient causes operating simultaneously?
What is overdetermination?
Besides blocking trade, the U.S. embargo also prevented Vietnam from accessing these two major international financial institutions.
What are the IMF and World Bank?
According to the presentation, Vietnam became a net importer of this product despite producing it for centuries.
What is rice?
Name TWO long-term economic consequences of the Vietnam War.
What happened when thousands of cooperatives failed?
Local cadres were blamed before national leadership accepted responsibility.
Name three of the four major imports Vietnam relied on the Soviet Union for by 1981.
Name TWO consequences of Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia.
Explain the "calculation problem" in one sentence.
Without market prices, planners couldn't accurately know supply, demand or scarcity, leading to inefficient production decisions.
Why does the Dermatologist argue the war was a structural rather than contingent cause?
Because it created the conditions every later policy had to operate within; it wasn't a post-war choice.
What unrealistic promise did Le Duan make regarding living standards after reunification?
That every family would have a radio, refrigerator and television within ten years.
Vietnam's official industrial growth target was 18% per year. Approximately what was the actual industrial growth achieved?
About 0.6%.