Hegel and Baur
What is the philosopher Hegel’s nationality?
German
What type of scholar was Weber?
New Testament scholar
Who influenced Bultmann’s view of Judaism?
Bousset (and indirectly Weber)
In what century did Luther live?
16th century (1483–1546)
What term describes Judaism’s focus on law observance, per Weber?
Legalism
What are the three components of Hegel’s dialectic triad?
Being, Nothing, Becoming
How did Weber characterize Judaism?
Legalistic with a distant God
In Bultmann’s view, what shifted when Jewish people left their faith?
God of Israel became God of the whole world
What was Luther’s religious order before the Reformation?
Augustinian order
What is the traditional view’s stance on the law’s role?
The law is an inferior form of revelation
According to Baur, what is the relationship between Christianity and Judaism?
Christianity is the absolute superior religion, replacing Judaism
What term did Weber use to describe Judaism’s empty law observance?
Works Righteousness
What does Bultmann say the law leads people into?
Sin
What church practice did Luther criticize in 1517?
Selling of indulgences
What does “works righteousness” imply about Jewish practice?
Following the law without inner commitment
How did Baur characterize Judaism in relation to Christianity?
Judaism is a particular system for Jews, while Christianity is a universal system for all
What are the three main Jewish sources Weber studied?
Mishnah, Talmud, Midrash
What is Bultmann’s concept of demythologization?
Separating historical claims from philosophical, ethical, and theological teachings in religious texts
What are Luther’s 95 Theses?
Points of debate challenging church practices like indulgences
In Romans 3:20, what does Paul say about the law?
The law leads people into sin
What are the three stages Baur used to explain the evolving conflict between Jews and Christians?
Polar opposites, downplaying conflict, Christianity as the absolute religion
According to Weber, what does Torah-based righteousness lead to?
Self-righteousness and emphasis on ritual without inner commitment
According to Bultmann, what is the focal point of Christian faith?
Kerygma (the message of Jesus’ death and victory over sin)
What was Luther’s “tower experience” and its outcome?
Studying Romans, he realized righteousness comes by faith, not works, shaping Protestant theology
How does Luther view the law’s purpose, given it cannot justify?
It leads to damnation by encouraging reliance on works