John
_________ is "the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival"
also defined as "the aggregate of social and cultural conditions that influence the life of an individual or community”
Environment
As opposed to the classic definition, we define the term _______ in Public Health as referring to: Social, cultural and behavioral factors alone; Factors inherent to self (genetic or ‘host’ factors) alone
Environment
DALY is the abbreviation for what?
Disability Adjusted Life Years
__________ pollutant: directly emitted from a stationary or mobile source
primary
___________pollutant: formed in the atmosphere over time through physical and chemical conversion of precursors
Secondary
This act, originally enacted in 1963, set the standards for ambient air quality, set emissions and technology standards, and defined information requirements for toxic emissions release
Clean Air Act
Fuel components, Solvents, and Secondarily-formed chemicals like acetaldehyde and acrolein are considered what?
HAPS (Hazardous Air Pollutants)
This virus decimated indigenous populations, killed more than 8% of Boston's population, and was deliberately used to kill indigenous people in Delaware.
Small Pox
True or False:
Some sources suggest smallpox inoculation was used as long as 3000 years ago in India.
True
Small pox can also be referred to as_____
Variola Major
This Doctor discovered milkmaids that had cowpox were immune to small pox. He tested his hypothesis on the child of one of his nurses by inserting cowpox scrapings into a small incision into the child's arm and then later exposed the child to small pox. The child had no reaction.
Edward Jenner
This case, in which a Cambridge, MA resident refused the smallpox vaccination resulted in 4 constitutional standards established by the supreme court.
Jacobson Case
In 1966, this organization began an eradication campaign to fight smallpox
WHO
The smallpox eradication campaign resulted in 80% vaccination in endemic countries AND development of surveillance-containment system. The last reported case was in Somalia in what year?
1977
This paper, later retracted, claimed that MMR vaccine caused intestinal inflammation that caused release of peptides into bloodstream and then brain causing developmental damage.
The Wakefield Report
This public health professional was the first woman on the faculty at Harvard Medical School and an authority on immigrant health and lead poisoning.
Alice Hamilton
____µg/dL is the designated “reference level” used to measure lead levels in blood.
5
List two of the national screenings used to test lead levels (can be in adults or children).
NIOSH Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety)
NHANES-National Health and Nutrition Examination
What are the two most important risk factors for lead exposure?
Living in older housing
Living in poverty
This dangerous compound can be found in paint and gasoline.
Lead
The Jacobson Case resulted in what 4 constitutional standards?
Public Health Necessity
Reasonable Means
Proportionality
Harm avoidance
(This ruling laid out public health police powers)
This San Antonio case resulted in extended compulsory vaccinations to children attending school
Zucht v. King 1922
Lead pipes were banned by these amendments in 1986.
Safe Drinking Water Act amendments
Define the three levels of prevention in public health
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary-Prevent exposure to risk factors, Intervene before exposure occurs
Secondary- Detect exposure that has happened or detect disease early, Slow or reverse disease progression
Tertiary-Disease has developed, Prevent severest consequences, rehabilitate, recover
90% of tap samples must be below ____µg/L.
15