Biochem
After a meal, glucose is oxidized by various tissues for energy, enters biosynthetic pathways, and is stored as this
What is glycogen?
Phagocytes, complement, and natural killer cells are all part of this immune system
What is the innate immune system
White blood cells enter the tissue spaces by this process
What is diapedesis
Almost all cells of the immune system are derived from these in bone marrow
What are hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
To generate energy and metabolic precursors, glucose is first oxidized to this in the glycolysis pathway
What is pyruvate?
Immature B lymphocytes produce only IgM, but as they mature, a rearrangement of heavy chain genes called this occurs
What is class switching
These will react with and inactivate certain types of gram-positive bacteria
What is basic polypeptides
This highly active enzyme creates a protective basic “ammonia cloud” around H. pylori, allowing it to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach
What is urease
cAMP activates this, which in turn phosphorylates key regulatory enzymes
What is protein kinase A (PKA)
Immunoglobulin heavy and light chains both contain a constant and a variable region, which are located at these ends of the chains, respectively
What are the carboxyl (C)-terminal and amino (N)-terminal
These cells are inactivated or destroyed by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which leaves the body almost totally unprotected against infectious disease
What is T-helper cells
These are permanent transverse folds that contain a core of submucosa in the small intestine
What are Plicae circulares (circular folds), also known as the valves of Kerckring
Smaller amounts of ATP can be generated without the use of O2 in this process
What is anaerobic glycolysis
The D locus on the Rh blood group is of primary interest because it is responsible for Rh maternal–fetal incompatibility and this resulting disease
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
These antigens (also called agglutinogens because they often cause RBC agglutination) cause most blood transfusion reactions
What are Type A and Type B
This is the product of A cells in the pancreatic islets
What is glucagon
During hypoxia, decreased ATP synthesis from oxidative phosphorylation results in an increase in these cytoplasmic ions
What are Na+ and Ca2+
These immunodeficiency diseases are caused by abnormalities in cells of the immune system
What is primary
Liver cirrhosis leads to generalized edema via this mechanism
What is decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
In the gallbladder neck: an invagination of the mucous membrane that extends into and often through the thickness of the muscularis are known as these
What are Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses