Pathophysiology
Atherosclerotic plaque accumulates in coronary arteries-restricts blood flow & O2 delivery to heart muscle-ischemia occurs.
What is CAD?
Smoking, HTN, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, metabolic syndrome, a-fib.
What is Modifiable Risk Factors?
AWHEAD acronym.
What is: R sided HF
Anorexia
Weight gain
Hepatomegaly
Edema
Ascites
Distended neck vein
Complete occlusion.
ST Segment elevation.
Elevated Troponin levels.
What is STEMI?
Severe chest pain, radiation to L arm/jaw, higher incidence of STEMI.
What is Symptoms for Men?
Impaired cardiac output-increased ventricular filling pressures-neurohormonal activation.
What is Heart Failure?
Age (<45 men, >55 women), male gender, genetics, south Asian ethnicity.
What is Non-Modifiable Risk Factors?
DOCHAP acronym.
What is: L sided HF?
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Cough
Hemaptysis
Adventitious lung sounds
Pulmonary congestion
Partial occlusion.
T wave inversion/ST segment depression.
Elevated Troponin levels.
What is NSTEMI?
Fatigue, SOB, nausea, epigastric discomfort.
What is Symptoms for Women?
Increased vascular resistance-blood volume expansion-vasoconstriction.
What is Hypertension?
Normal: 40%.
What is Ejection Fraction?
Has an S3 gallop.
What is L-sided HF?
Sounds low & dull.
Elevates within 3-6 hours & remains elevated for 7-14 days.
Normal ECG.
Chest pain with exertion.
Caused by fixed plaque.
What is Stable Angina?
Reduced blood flow-prolonged ischemia-irreversible damage.
What is MI?
<40%. DILATION.
Impaired myocardial contractility.
Caused by ischemic HF, dilated cardiomyopathy.
What is Reduced EF?
Systemic.
Echocardiogram & chest xray.
What is Diagnostics for HF?
Detects re-infarction.
Peaks within 24 hours.
What is CK-MB?
Chest pain at rest.
Inverted T waves/ST depression.
Caused by ruptured plaque.
What is Non-Stable Angina?
Causes angina and radiating discomfort.
What is Ischemia?
>40%. HYPERTROPHY.
Leads to insufficient filling.
Caused by HTN & aging.
What is Preserved EF?
Diastolic.
Heart failure process.
What is L-sided to R-sided?
Normal range:
I: <0.4
T: <0.01
What is Troponin?
Rare.
Caused by spasms that reduce blood flow.
Due to cocaine, stress & smoking.
What is Variant Angina?