Sodium Imbalance
Causes cellular dehydration as water moves from intracellular to extracellular spaces.
What is Hypernatremia?
Increases cell excitability which impacts cardiac and neuromuscular function.
Causes muscle weakness, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest.
What is Hyperkalemia?
Reduces neuromuscular excitability which impacts muscle & nerve function.
Fatigue, weakness, confusion, kidney stones.
What is Hypercalcemia?
8.5-10.5 mg/dL.
What is Calcium?
Produced by the Hypothalamus & released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Increases water reabsorption in collecting ducts.
What is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
Causes water to enter cells which leads to cellular swelling and potentially brain edema.
Nausea, HA, confusion.
What is Hyponatremia?
Reduces cell excitability which leads to impaired muscle function.
Causes muscle weakness/cramping, constipation.
What is Hypokalemia?
Increases neuromuscular excitability which results in muscle spasms.
Tetany, muscle cramps, tingling, seizures.
What is Hypocalcemia?
135-145 mEq/L.
What is Sodium?
*ECF*
Movement of water across the membrane.
From low to high concentration.
What is Osmosis?
Due to Diabetes Insipidus, dehydration, fever, heatstroke, burns, excessive water loss.
What is Hypernatremia?
Due to renal failure, cellular injury (trauma/burns), ACE inhibitors, diuretics (spironolactone).
Due to excess PTH, bone metastasis, high intake of Vitamin D.
What is Hypercalcemia?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
What is Potassium?
*ICF*
Movement of small molecules without energy.
From high to low concentration.
O2 and CO2.
What is Simple Diffusion?
Due to excess water intake, SIADH, HF, kidney disease, and liver cirrhosis.
What is Hyponatremia?
Due to low intake, diuretics (Thiazide/Furosemide), Cushing's Disease, & Metabolic Alkalosis.
What is Hypokalemia?
Due to low PTH, reduced Vitamin D intake.
What is Hypocalcemia?
1.5-2.5 mEq/L.
What is Magnesium?
Movement of large molecules without energy.
Via proteins.
Glucose and ions.
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
What are Symptoms of Hypernatremia?
When this electrolyte is low it is difficult to correct low potassium.
What is Magnesium?
Manifestations of this imbalance are the opposite of Calcium.
What is Phosphate?
95-105 mEq/L.
What is Chloride?
Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient.
Uses ATP.