Vowels
What concept is used to combine two vowel sounds in most languages?
Hint: German "schau" [ʃa:o]
Italian "lauda" [laːuda]
English "coin" [kɔɪn]
Diphthongs
+50 What language does not use these at all?
What are the hard consonant sounds in Italian and Latin?
after A O and E vowels:
c -> [k] = “caro”→ [ka ɾo]
g -> [g] = “gatto”→ [gat:to]
sc -> [sk] = “scherzo”→ [sker tso]
In Italian, what syllable is typically stressed?
The penultimate syllable
“spaghetti”→ [spa ‘get:ti]
What is it called when 2 vowels in the same syllable function as one element with the first vowel being shorter and the second being longer?
French [w] in “oui”
Italian [j] in “ieri”
Glides
When singing ______, delay the second vowel as long as possible.
What is the vowel sound used in English as any unstressed vowel, in French singing as a final "e", and in German as an unstressed [e]?
Schwa [ə]
Which 3 languages always pronounce intervocalic "s" as [z]?
German "lesen" -> [leːzən]
French "maison" -> [mɛzɔ̃]
Italian "rosa" -> [roːza]
English and Latin (except in singing) typically pronounce "s" as [s]
Used in Italian and French what is it called when one word ends with a vowel and the word that follows starts with the same vowel sound?
Elision
"le homme" -> “l’homme”
"lo amico" -> “l’amico”
What is the Italian rule of raddopiamento?
Double Consonants - held slightly longer and stressed.
"gatto” -> [gat.to]
+50 what are the 3 Italian consonants that are ALWAYS doubled
In spoken French, final “e” is silent, but in singing, the mute “e” will often be pronounced and transcribed as what?
Schwa = [ə]
What is it called when a vowel is followed by an “n” or “m”, such as in the French word faim [fɛ̃]
Nasal Vowel
[ɑ̃] [ɛ̃] [õ] [œ̃]
What is the anagram we use to remember which ending French consonants are silent?
CAREFUL Q = CRFLQ
Stressed: Nouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Adjectives, Interrogative Pronouns, Negatives
Unstressed: Articles, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Pronouns, Linking Verbs
In German what rule changes the pronunciation of end-of-word consonants?
Such as in the words "lieb" and "wald?"
End of word/syllable voiced plosives consonants are pronounced as their unvoiced partners.
b -> p
d -> t
g -> k
z -> s
In German and French, the gutteral [ʁ] sound is replaced by _.
“Freund” /[fʁɔɪ̯nt] ->
trilled [r]
[frɔɪ̯nt]
What language and what type of vowel do these symbols belong to?
[œ] [ø] [ɥ] [y]
French Mixed Vowels
What are the 3 German special consonants?
[ç] ichlaut -> milch [mɪlç]
[x] achaut -> bach [bax]
[ß] eszett -> weiß [vaɪs]
In ____ the word stress is typically on the first syllable of the word unless a stressed ____ is added before.
In _____ the stress is on the last syllable of the word, or next-to-last if last is a _____.
German; prefix
French; schwa
How would you pronounce the following phrase using the French Liaison rule?
"les enfants adorables"
pronouncing the normally dropped "s" as [z] and linking it to the following word
[lez‿ɑ̃fɑ̃‿adɔʁabl]
What are the semi-glide vowels and their corresponding vowels?
[j] -> i
[w] -> u
[ɥ] -> y
What are the 4 mixed sounds of the German Umlaut vowels?
[ü] and [ö]
[y] i + u
[Y] I + ʊ
[ø] e + o
[œ] ɛ + o
What are the differences between these 3 types of r's and which languages use them?
[ɾ]
[ʁ]
[r]
[ɾ] tapped "r" - Italian, English, Latin
[ʁ] uvular fricative "r" - German, French
[r] trilled "r" - Italian, Latin
+50 - what is this sound [ɐ]
In Italian, what does the accent above the final letter signify, such as in the word “città”?
The accent means it is an ultimate syllable, showing that the stress falls on the last syllable and the diacritical mark does not translate into IPA (aka no grave accent)
What are the 5 diacritical marks and how do they impact the vowel?
Acute Accent - closed vowel sound
Grave Accent - open vowel sound
Circumflex - lengthened vowel sound
Diaeresis - vowel seperation
Cedilla - soft "s" sound
What class did you just take to learn all of this information?
Diction 276!