Contested Meanings
Of the three ABCs, this element on Galtung's Conflict Triangle is manifest.
What are behaviors?
According to the UN High Rights Office of the High Commissioner, this group intimidates and coerces populations or governments through the threat of violence, death, or injury.
What is a terrorist group?
This branch of the United Nations is responsible for developing proposals and resolutions regarding aid or intervention following conflicts.
What is the UN Security Council?
This controversial doctrine enforces the concept of responsible sovereignty, where state sovereignty hinges on its ability to provide for its citizens and uphold their rights.
What is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)?
This body was established in Canada to address the legacy of residential schools and promote healing between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples.
What is a Truth and Reconciliation Commission?
This type of social movement implements total change at the societal level.
What is a transformative movement?
This article of NATO signifies that an attack on one member state is an attack on all member states.
What is Article 5?
This perspective on gains highlights a state's individual increase in power, wealth, or territory without regard for the gains of the other state or party.
What are absolute gains?
This debate examines the core motivation for conflict; one argues that economic factors have primarily driven conflict, while the other argues that conflict more stems from political, social, and cultural factors.
What is the greed vs. grievances debate?
The repressive, extractivist cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo illustrates how this type of violence becomes embedded in global supply chains, making consumers in developed nations indirect participants in ongoing human rights abuses and armed conflict.
What is structural violence?
This concept describes someone who refuses to perform military service due to freedom of thought, conscience, or religion.
What is a conscientious objector?
These actors raise consciousness and awareness for political issues and sow discontent during the emergence stage of social movements.
Who are agitators?
This element of just war theory incorporates guidelines for how PoWs should be treated.
What is jus in bello?
American political scientist Francis Fukuyama believes that this political concept has sowed national disunity and division, as citizens prioritize sub-groups during conflict over national identity.
What are identity politics?
The campaign led by Myanmar's military junta against the Rohingya included mass killings, sexual violence, and the burning of villages was in direct violation of this convention.
What is the UN Convention on Genocide?
This political theory advocates for a multipolar system where states prevent any single state from becoming more powerful than the rest to maintain peace.
What is the "balance of power" theory of peace?
This form of international law is binding because states act like they are bound by quid pro quo, supported by the principle of reciprocity.
What is customary international law?
This principle of intervention states that humanitarian intervention by states should cause more good than harm.
What is the principle of mutuality?
The International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA), an IGO under the United Nations, seeks to uphold this treaty.
What is the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons?
Conflict in Egypt, Syria, and Libya particularly following the Arab Spring demonstrated how this form of violence allows authoritarian regimes to suppress dissent while maintaining plausible deniability about human rights violations.
What is state-sponsored violence?
This political theory explains that social movements often coalesce because individuals feel the need to participate in society — they feel a psychological urge to be a "part of it".
What is mass society theory?
This type of conflict emerges when foreign states are drawn into what was originally an intrastate conflict.
What is an internationalized civil conflict?
This stage of conflict resolution involves returning soldiers to daily life.
What is Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)?
This index ranks 163 countries based on these eight pillars: well-functioning government, sound business environment, equitable distribution of resources, acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbors, free flow of information, high levels of human capital, and low levels of corruption (Vision of Humanity).
What is the Positive Peace Index?
In the South China Sea, China's construction of artificial islands and military installations represents this type of conflict strategy that remains coercive and exploitative without veering into direct military confrontation.
What is gray zone warfare?