Different from Adults
They are shorter and more horizontal in children
Eustachian tubes
Mixing more water into formula than advised on packaging can lead to these issues in an infant younger than 4 mos of age.
Failure to thrive, water intoxication, electrolyte disturbances (-->death)
How to move the ear in a child>3yrs to perform an otoscope exam
Pull pinna up and back
An absolute contraindication to taking isotretinoin for the treatment of cystic acne
pregnancy
Organism that commonly causes bronchiolitis in infants that is known for mucus production and apnea in small infants--only very specific populations can get the prophylactic antibody shot for it
RSV
The types of breathing that infants do that is different from adults
periodic breathing pattern and belly breathing
The first food typically introduced to infants who show signs of spoon feeding readiness because of its high iron content
iron-fortified infant cereal
Failure to develop understood speech by 24mos, seeming shy, being inattentive to surroundings, speaking loudly and monotone all indicate this impairment in a child
hearing impairment
A form of contact dermatitis that can be prevented by avoiding skin contact with rhus--long pants and sleeves, careful removal of clothing, and bathing all help prevent it
plant dermatitis (poison ivy/oak/sumac)
The hallmark symptom of croup that may be relieved by cool humidified air
Barky nighttime cough
A sign of increased ICP in infants that is impossible in adults
Bulging fontanels
Age group that shows variable appetite, picky eating, and preference for finger foods that allow them to be autonomous
Toddler
Tools to assess visual acuity in a preschooler who cannot yet read letters
Tumbling E or picture visual acuity chart
The major risks associated with burns because of the loss of skin integrity
dehydration/shock, infection, hypothermia
Signs of respiratory distress in infants
tachypnea, use of accessory muscles (retractions), apnea, nasal flaring, grunting, head bobbing, stridor, restlessness, lethargy, tachycardia, wheezing
These three things in the musculoskeletal system are "open" in infants/children but not adults.
Growth plates, cranial sutures, fontanels are open in infants but not children over the age of ~18 mos.
Foods considered choking hazards for infants/toddlers/young preschoolers
grapes, hot dogs, uncooked carrots, popcorn, whole nuts, raisins, peanut butter, dried beans, tough meats
Potentially fatal throat infection that is vaccine preventable--a nurse will never stick anything in the throat and will prepare for intubation
Used to reduce or control flare-ups of atopic dermatitis but must be used sparingly to prevent skin atrophy
topical corticosteroids
Illness with abrupt onset of respiratory symptoms and also fever, myalgia, fatigue that can be detected with rapid antigen testing and often prevented.
Influenza
Infants cannot do this to generate heat--instead they rely on thermogenesis with brown fat
Shiver
The age range when whole milk is fed (24-28oz daily)
12-24 mos, may transition to low fat milk after turning 24mos.
Hallmark, early signs of post-op bleeding following a tonsillectomy
Frequent swallowing, throat clearing
A skin infection commonly caused by Staph with lesions described as "honey-colored crusted" that requires contact isolation
Impetigo
Be prepared to give nebulized racemic epinephrine and corticosteroids to a child with this illness--try to give the steroid PO so you don't upset them
Croup