Introduction
This theory, influenced by Freud, describes personality development across eight stages throughout the life span.
What is Erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory?
This psychosocial conflict occurs from birth to one year and is influenced by prompt, consistent caregiving.
What is trust versus mistrust?
Lack of single words by 16 months or loss of language skills at any age are warning signs of this disorder.
What is autism spectrum disorder
Preschoolers most commonly engage in what type of play?
What is associative play or playing with others?
School-age children are best described by which Piaget stage?
What is concrete operational?
This Piaget cognitive stage is characterized by abstract thinking, idealism, and testing beliefs.
What is the formal operational stage?
This pain assessment scale is commonly used for infants and young children and focuses on facial expression, leg movement, activity, cry, and consolability.
What is the FLACC scale?
Trust vs. mistrust is the primary developmental task of which age group?
What is infancy?
By how many weeks of life should an infant return to birth weight?
What is two weeks?
According to Erikson, autonomy v. shame and doubt is the major developmental task of toddlers. This characteristic of toddler behavior demonstrates increasing assertion of autonomy.
What is negativism?
A preschooler believing they are the cause of their grandparents death is an example of this.
What is magical thinking.
Feelings of low self‑worth may develop during this stage if the child is not accepted by peers or cannot meet expectations.
What is inferiority?
The psychosocial conflict of adolescence that focuses on developing a sense of self is this.
What is identity versus role confusion?
Which pain tool uses cartoon faces to represent pain intensity?
What is the Faces pain scale?
Which Piaget stage is associated with object permanence?
What is the sensorimotor stage?
By six months of age, an infant’s weight is expected to do this compared to birth weight.
What is double?
Toddlers play alongside, not with, other children.
What is parallel play?
Preschoolers in this Piaget stage engage in fantasy play, magical thinking, and egocentric reasoning.
What is the preoperational stage?
School‑age children grow approximately this many inches per year.
What is about 2 inches per year?
Which communication strategy is most effective with adolescents?
What is using open-ended questions?
Preschoolers may view pain as what?
What is a form of punishment?
Toilet training is a key event during the stage associated with autonomy versus shame and doubt.
What is the toddler stage?
This primitive reflex appears at birth and normally disappears by four months.
What is the Moro reflex?
Following a one-step command without a gesture is a cognitive milestone typically seen at this age.
What is 18 months?
Growth slows during the preschool years, but weight typically increases by this amount each year.
What is approximately 4–5 pounds per year?
Body image and self‑perception strongly influence this aspect of school‑age development.
What is self‑esteem?
This term describes the time when a person first becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
What is Puberty?
Which medication should NEVER be given to children under 19?
What is aspirin?
What is Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development for preschoolers, and how does it influence their behavior?
Initiative vs. Guilt, where children explore their world, take initiative, and gain confidence if supported, or feel guilt if reprimanded
Which reflex indicates neurologic function in infants: sucking, rooting, or both?
What is both sucking and rooting?
Running, kicking a ball, and walking upstairs with assistance are expected gross motor skills at this age.
What is 24 months?
Naming colors, drawing a person with three or more body parts, and pretending during play are typical at this age.
What is four years old?
Underweight=<5th percentile, normal=5th to 84th percentile, overweight= 85th to 94th
percentile, obese=>95th percentile.
What are levels of Body Mass Index?
These stages are used to describe physical maturation during puberty.
What are Tanner stages?
Which non-pharmacologic intervention is most effective for pediatric pain?
What is distraction through play?
These tools, such as the ASQ and PEDS-DM, are used to identify delays in development.
What are developmental screening tools?
What communication techniques are most effective for infants?
Use non-verbal communication, such as soothing sounds, eye contact, and comforting touch.
This characteristic causes toddlers to attribute human behaviors to inanimate objects.
What is animism?
Preschoolers should sleep about this many hours per night, with few or no daytime naps.
What is 12 hours?
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting screen time to this amount per day for school‑age children.
What is one hour per day?
Adolescents often prefer involvement in care decisions to promote what?
What is autonomy?
Why is weight-based dosing critical in pediatric medication administration?
Weight-based dosing accounts for children’s smaller body size and unique pharmacokinetics, ensuring safe medication levels.
Assimilation, accommodation, and adaptation are considered core competencies of this cognitive theory.
What is Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory?
Systemic: Anaphylaxis, growth failure, GI: Abdominal pain, vomiting, cramping, diarrhea, Respiratory: Cough, wheezing, rhinitis, infiltrates, Cutaneous: Urticaria, rash, atopic dermatitis.
What are signs of food allergies?
At this age, children's teeth are expected to begin to fall out.
What is 5-6 years old?
Which stage of Erickson's is the preschooler in?
What is initiative vs. guilt
This pain scale is appopriate for use with older school aged children who can understand the relationships of numbers.
What is the numerical rating scale?
Normal adolescent respiratory rate falls within this range.
What is 12–16 breaths per minute?
Name one medication contraindicated in children and explain why. What should you use instead?
Aspirin is contraindicated due to the risk of Reye's syndrome. Codeine due to respiratory depression. Use acetaminophen or ibuprofen instead.
This theory focuses on the ability to think, reason, and use language and includes four sequential stages.
hat is Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory?
The month in which the infant develops separation anxiety.
What is 9 Months?
What age does a toddler ask "why?"
What is 36 months (3 years)
Which safety teaching is most appropriate for preschoolers?
What is playground and bicycle helmet safety?
The FACES pain rating scale is appropriate for children in this age range.
What is 4 to 12 years old?
This is an eating disorder that presents with a distorted body image, fear of gaining weight, excessive dieting, exercise, laxative use, and in girls amenorrhea.
What is anorexia nervosa?
Name two non-pharmacological methods to manage pain in pediatric patients.
Use distraction techniques (e.g., bubbles or storytelling) and comfort measures (e.g., warm compresses).
Industry versus inferiority is the psychosocial conflict experienced during this age group.
What is the school-age stage?
Rolling from prone to supine and sitting while leaning forward on hands are expected motor milestones at this age.
What is 6 months?
Walking unassisted is typically achieved by what age?
What is 18 months?
DTaP #5, IPV #4, MMR #2, and Varicella #2 are immunizations typically given during this period of well-child visits.
What are the preschool years (ages 4–6)?
Relaxation, imagery, distraction, and positive self‑talk are examples of this type of pain management.
What is non‑pharmacologic pain management?
Precise hand‑eye coordination and increased dexterity are examples of this type of motor development.
What is fine motor development?
What is the FLACC pain scale, and for which age group is it used?
The FLACC scale assesses pain in infants and toddlers based on facial expressions, activity, and cry.
This term refers to the increased functionality of body systems or skills over time.
What is maturation?
This developmental milestone indicates that an infant understands objects still exist when out of sight and is fully present by about eight months.
What is object permanence?
This psychosocial conflict describes the toddler’s struggle to gain independence while avoiding feelings of shame and doubt.
What is autonomy versus shame and doubt?
Counting to ten, writing some letters of their name, and following rules during play are expected milestones at this age.
What is 5 years old?
Safety concerns for this age group.
What are gun violence, seat belts, drugs, helmets, and fire safety?
Health issues and teaching priority for this age group.
What are drug use, tobacco, and risky driving?
Describe the steps for calculating a safe pediatric medication dose.
Obtain accurate weight in kilograms, Verify the safe dose range (mg/kg), calculate the total dose and check against the maximum safe dose.