Growth & Development
Birth weight doubles by 6 months, triples by 1 year, birth length increased by 50% at 12 months, explores environment by motor and oral means.
What are developmental milestones of an infant (Birth to 1 year)?
Left to right shunt of blood with increased pulmonary blood flow.
What is an acyanotic heart lesion?
Restlessness, increased respiratory rate, increase pulse rate, diaphoresis, flaring nostrils, retractions, grunting, adventitious breath sounds.
What are cardinal signs of respiratory distress in children?
A highly contagious viral disease that can lead to neurologic problems or death. Transmitted by direct contact with droplets from infected persons. Classic symptoms include photophobia, Koplik spots on buccal mucosa, confluent rash that begins on the face and spreads downward.
What is Rubeola?
Most common chromosomal abnormality in children, characterized by low set ears, wide set eyes, and cognitive impairment with common associated problems such as cardiac defects, respiratory infections, feeding difficulties, delayed developmental skills, mental retardation, skeletal defects, altered immune function, and endocrine dysfunctions.
What is Down Syndrome?
Give simple, brief explanations immediately before procedures, encourage family/caregivers to remain at bedside during recovery.
What are nursing considerations for the hospitalized toddler (1-3 year old)?
There is a hold between the ventricles, oxygenated blood is shunted from LV to RV and recirculated to the lungs. Small defects might close spontaneously, large defect cause Esienmenger syndrome.
What is a VSD?
Inflammatory reactive airway disease that is commonly chronic.
What is asthma?
Non-progressive injury to the motor centers of the brain causing neuromuscular problems of spasticity or dyskinesia (involuntary moments).
What is Cerebral Palsy?
Stands erect, with more slender posture. Can ride a tricycle, learn to run, jump, and hop, handedness is established.
What are developmental milestones for a preschool child (3-6 year old)?
The great vessels are reversed, is incompatible with life unless there is a coexisting intracardiac shunt, diagnosis is a medical emergency, the child is given PGE to keep ductus open.
What is Transposition of the Great Vessels?
An autosomal recessive disease that causes dysfunction of the exocrine glands leading to lung insufficiency and pancreatic insufficiency.
What is cystic fibrosis?
Acute infection of respiratory disease usually occurring in infancy, paroxysmal stage characterized by prolonged coughing or whooping upon inspiration, lasts from 4-6 weeks.
What is pertussis?
Uncontrolled electrical discharges of neurons in the brain, more common in children under 2, can be associated with immaturity of the CNS, fever, infection, neoplasms, cerebral anoxia, and metabolic disorders.
What are seizures?
Maintaining contact with peers and school activities is important during hospitalization.
What is a nursing consideration for the school-age child (6-12 year old)?
Presence or absence of murmur, cyanosis, poor feeding and weight gain, frequent regurgitation, frequent respiratory infections, activity intolerance and fatigue?
What are the manifestations of CHD?
Viral infections of the bronchioles that is characterized by thick secretions, usually caused by RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) and is found to be readily transmitted by close contact.
What is using prophylactic bronchodialators before the activity can prevent asthma attacks and enable the child to engage in most sports.
Isolate child during period of communicability. Treat fever with non-aspirin product. Report occurrence to health department, prevent child from scratching skin, administer diphenhydramine for itching, wash hands after caring for child and handling secretions or child's articles, administer vaccinations using the recommended CDC schedule.
What is the nursing care for a child with a communicable disease?
Bacterial inflammatory disorder of the meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord.
What is bacterial meningitis?
Identity v. role confusion
What is the Erickson Stage of the adolescent?
Maintain hydration, monitor frequently for infection, plan frequent rest periods, monitor for signs of CHF, administer digoxin and diuretics as prescribed to promote heart function.
What are nursing plans and interventions for the patient with a cardiac lesion?
What is epiglottitis?
Irritability, low grade fever, redness, and soreness at injection site for 2-3 days are normal reactions, call health care provider for seizures, high grade fever, high-pitched cry. Acetaminophen Q4-6 hours at 10-15 mg/kg can be administered orally for fever and discomfort. A warm washcloth and "bicycling" of the legs during diaper change can decrease soreness.
What teaching should the nurse provide to parents after their child is vaccinated?
What are the common finding consistent with a brain tumor?