Vitamins &
Minerals
Minerals
I'll have a bottle of
house white
house white
It's an Epidemic
Name that Syndrome
Through the
scope
scope
100
Deficiency of this vitamin causes night blindness and Bitot's spots.
What is vitamin A?
NIGHT BLINDNESS
XEROPHTHALMIA (dry eyes)
KERATOMALACIA (softening and cloudiness of cornea)
100
Although the concentration of this mineral in human milk is lower compared to cow's milk, its bioavailability is higher from human milk.
What is iron?
100
Greatest risk factor for obesity in children <3 years of age.
What is parental obesity?
100
This overgrowth syndrome is associated wtih an increased risk of hepatoblastoma in children <2 years old.
What is Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome?
100
What is gastric mucosa?
200
This deficiency can cause anemia, leukopenia, loss of pigment from the skin and bone fractures.
What is copper?
200
This element, important in prevent metabolic bone disease, is present in a 2-fold great concentration in pre-term formulas compared to standard infant formula.
What is phosphorus?
200
This form of malnutrition is characterized by edema and hepatomegaly with fatty infiltrates.
What is kwashorkor?
CAUSED BY SEVERE PROTEIN MALNUTRITION. TOTAL CALORIES ARE OFTEN SUFFICIENT BUT PROTEIN CONSUMPTION IS LACKING.
CONTRAST TO MARASMUS WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY ENERGY DEFICIENCY.
CLINICAL PICTURE OFTEN MIXED: MARASMIC KWASHIORKOR
200
Children with this syndrome have nasal wing hypoplasia, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and absence of permanent teeth.
What is Johanson-Blizzard?
MAY ALSO HAVE ECTODERMAL SCALP DEFECTS, DEAFNESS, HYPOTHYROIDISM, UROGENITAL MALFORMATION UBR1 GENE MUTATION
200
What is basal zone hyperplasia?
300
This micronutrient deficiency in patients on parenteral nutrition is responsible for cardiomyopathy.
What is selenium?
300
This is the major protein in the whey of cow's milk and the major antigen responsible for cow's milk protein allergy.
What is B-lactoglobulin?
300
These are 3 primary electrolyte depletions present in refeeding syndrome.
What are PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM,
MAGNESIUM?
300
This syndrome is characterized by pancreatic insufficiency and bone marrow dysfunction.
What is Shwachman Diamond Syndrome?
300
This are 2 of 4 histologic findings diagnostic of celiac disease.
What are:
intraepithelial lymphocytosis
villous atrophy
intestinal crypt hyperplasia
lamina propia inflammation?
400
Poor growth, rough scaly skin, thrombocytopenia and a serum triene-to-tetraene ratio >0.4 are suggestive of this deficiency.
What is essential fatty acid deficiency?
AT RISK PATIENTS INCLUDE:
TPN WITHOUT LIPIDS
SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME
SIGNIFICANT MALABSORPTION
PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY
S/P BARIATRIC PROCEDURES
PROLONGED CHYLE LEAKS
400
The approximate protein requirement for term infants.
What is 2-3 g/kg/day (3 g/kg/day in preterm)?
400
This is the most common form of obesity.
What is Prader-Willi?
AS INFANTS THESE PATIENTS ARE OFTEN FAILURE TO THRIVE DUE TO FEEDING DIFFICULTIES AND HYPOTONIA
400
This syndrome caused by a mutation in FOXP3 is characterized by severe diarrhea, severe eczema, early autoimmune disease, neutropenia and recurrent infections.
What is IPEX syndrome?
IMMUNODYSREGULATION POLYENDOCRIONPATHY ENTEROPATHY X-LINKED SYNDROME
400
This histologic finding in a 5 yo presenting with vomiting, edema, albumin of 1.9 and large tortuous gastric folds on endoscopy.
What is CMV inclusion?
(Menetriere's disease)
500
This vitamin is involved in the synthesis and repair of DNA. Patients on anticonvulsants and methotrexate are at risk of deficiency.
What is vitamin B9 (folate/folic acid)?
500
This digestive enzyme which aids in the digestion of starches is found only in human milk.
What is amylase?
(Infant pancreas does not secrete amylase until 6 months of age. Lipase also present in human milk.)
500
This hormone acts on the pancreas affecting glycemic control, inhibits gastric motility and contributes to satiety.
What is GLP-1?
500
This polyp syndrome is also associated with genital pigmentation.
What is BANNAYAN-RILEY-RUVALCABA Syndrome?
ALSO DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
MACROCEPHALY
LIPOMAS
HEMANGIOMATOSIS
500
Diagnosis:
What is intestinal lymphangiectasia?
CAN BE PRIMARY OR SECONDARY (RHEUMATIC, NEOPLASTIC). PRESENTS AS PLE, PITTING EDEMA, DIARRHEA, MALABSORPTION, LYMPHOCYTOPENIA
