Thrombosis
What solid or semisolid mass forms from blood constituents within an intact vascular system during life?
Thrombus
State the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation on the pupil.
Parasympathetic: constriction
Sympathetic: dilation
Which patients are more likely to present with a myocardial infarction without chest pain?
Women, patients with diabetes, older individuals may present only with sudden onset of dyspnoea, nausea and vomiting, etc.
Which enzyme converts fibrinogen into fibrin?
Thrombin
What three abnormalities make up Virchow’s triad?
Endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow and hypercoagulability
List six structures supplied by the vagus nerve.
Heart
Lungs
Kidneys
Foregut
Midgut
Accessory digestive organs: could be like liver, pancreas, gall bladder
What are the three conditions that make up Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
Unstable angina (UA)
STEMI
NSTEMI
Which clot-dissolving drug converts plasminogen into plasmin?
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA).
Identify the alternating pale and dark layers macroscopically visible in a thrombus
Liens of Zahn
No question! Heads or Tails. Winner takes half the current points of the other team.
This game can briefly activate the sympathetic nervous system as it introduces anticipation, uncertainty and a small adrenaline response which may lead to slight increases in heart rate, alertness, pupil size and attention
A patient develops severe chest pain only after exercise. Coronary angiography shows a 75% fixed stenosis of the LAD but no acute thrombus. Identify the condition and explain why this occurs
Answer: STABLE ANGINA
At rest:
Oxygen demand is relatively low.
Despite a 75% stenosis, coronary blood flow is sufficient.
Oxygen supply matches demand
During exercise:
Heart rate increases.
Blood pressure rises.
Contractility increases.
The myocardium requires much more oxygen.
The severely narrowed artery cannot increase blood flow enough.
Myocardial ischaemia develops, producing stable angina.
No myocardial necrosis
Which anticoagulant works by inhibiting vitamin K activation?
Warfarin
A thrombus travels from a deep vein in the calf and obstructs the pulmonary circulation. What complication has occurred?
How many motor neurons are present in the somatic and autonomic motor pathway?
Somatic output from the spinal cord involves 1 thick heavily mylieanated motor neuron
Autonomic have two thin ones (thin lightly mylienated preganglionic and thin unmylienated postganglionic neurons)
A myocardial infarction specimen shows maximal pallor with prominent red margins Estimate the age of the infarct and identify the main microscopic features.
Estimated age: approximately 1 to 2 weeks.
Microscopic features: well-developed granulation tissue
Which clotting factor is deficient in Haemophilia A?
Factor VIII.