A
Form of perception that begins with raw sensory information from the environment and builds up to a final perception (Data-driven)
Bottom-up processing
Belief that a person's abilities, intelligence, and talents are static and unchangeable traits.
Fixed mindset
Cognitive framework or mental blueprint that organizes and interprets information based on prior knowledge and experiences
Schemas
Test or measure accurately measures what it is suppose to measure. The questions reflect what you are test for.
Content Validity
Our perceptual tendency to separate a visual field into the main object that stands out and the less prominent background.
Gestalt Psychology : Figure and Ground
Tendency to group nearby objects together to form a coherent whole
Gestalt Psychology : Proximity
Tendency to group together elements that are alike in some way, such as shape, color, size, or orientation
Gestalt Psychology : Similarity
Mental predisposition to perceive certain stimuli in a certain way, based on factors like expectations, past experiences, motivations, and emotions
Perceptual sets
Ability to focus on one auditory stimulus while filtering out other background sounds
Cocktail Party Effect
Failure to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight because attention is focused on another task or object
Inattentional Blindness
Parallel lines appear to converge or meet as they extend into the distance, providing a cue for depth and distance
Monocular Depth Cues : linear perspective
Perceives depth by interpreting the gradual change in texture from detailed and coarse up close to fine and smooth in the distance
Monocular Depth Cues：Texture gradient
Visual cues that require both eyes to perceive depth and distance, allowing us to see the world in 3D
Binocular Depth Cues
A single, overarching mental ability that underlies performance on all cognitive tasks; people who score high on one type of cognitive test are likely to score high on others
Intelligence as General ability (g)
Cognitive process of modifying or creating new mental frameworks (schemas) to incorporate new information or experiences that do not fit into pre-existing ones
Accommodation
Score derived from standardized tests that measures a person's cognitive abilities, such as reasoning and problem-solving, relative to others their age
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Monocular cue for depth perception where an object that is partially blocked by another object is perceived as being farther away
Monocular Depth Cues : Interposition
Test or measurement can accurately forecast future performance or behavior based on its results.
Predictive Validity
Binocular cue for depth perception, referring to the inward movement of both eyes to focus on a nearby object
Convergence
Tendency to perceive objects as having stable and unchanging properties
Visual Perceptual Constancies
Measures what an individual has learned or accomplished in a specific area
Achievement Tests
Consistency or repeatability of a test, meaning it yields similar results each time it is administered under similar conditions
Reliability
Observed trend of increasing average IQ scores over time in many countries
Flynn Effect
Standardized test
A standardized exam that measures a person's potential to learn or succeed in a specific area
Aptitude Test