Perception Definitions
__________ is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information…includes the perception of select stimuli that pass through our perceptual filters, are organized into our existing structures and patterns, and are then interpreted based on previous experiences.
Perception
Selecting is the first part of the ________ process, in which we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information.
perception
The learned process of receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, and responding to verbal and non-verbal messages
Listening Process
________ serves many purposes, and different situations. The type we engage in affects our communication and how others respond to us.
Listening
This listening style focuses on understanding the emotions and feelings of others.
People Oriented Listening
One of the most common perceptual errors is the ____________________, which refers to our tendency to explain others’ behaviors using internal rather than external attributions.
fundamental attribution error
Selecting is the first part of the perception process, in which we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information. We select and attend to information that meets our ___________.
needs
Noise that comes in forms like people talking, traffic, music, and other interferences.
Environmental Noise
____________ listening is a focused and usually instrumental type of listening that is primarily physiological and occurs mostly at the receiving stage of the listening process. Here we engage in listening to scan and monitor our surroundings in order to isolate particular auditory or visual stimuli. For example, we may focus our listening on a dark part of the yard while walking the dog at night to determine if the noise we just heard presents us with any danger.
Discriminative
Someone who prefer clear, organized, and concise messages and become frustrated with disorganized communication are using this listening style.
Action Oriented Listening
_______________ attributions connect the cause of behaviors to personal aspects such as personality traits. _____________ attributions connect the cause of behaviors to situational factors.
Internal; External
___________ are like databases of stored, related information that we use to interpret new experiences.
Schemata
This part of listening relies on the more cognitive and relational elements. i.e. facial expressions and eye contact
Receiving
____________ listening entails listening with the goal of comprehending and retaining information. This type of listening is not evaluative and is common in teaching and learning contexts ranging from a student listening to an informative speech to an out-of-towner listening to directions to the nearest gas station.
Informational
A person who enjoys analyzing complex messages and considering multiple perspectives.
Content Oriented Listening
Perceptual errors can also be biased, and in the case of the ___________ bias, the error works out in our favor.
self-serving
___________ is the first part of the perception process, in which we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information. __________ is the second part of the perception process, in which we sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns. ___________ is the third part of the perception process, in which we assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures
Selecting; Organizing; Interpretation
A mental storage capability that retains stimuli for 20s to 1 minute.
Short-term memory
___________ listening entails listening with the goal of analyzing or evaluating a message based on information presented verbally and information that can be inferred from context.
Critical
People who prioritize efficiency, prefer brief messages, and may make quick decisions, fall under this listening styles.
First impressions are enduring because of the _______ effect, which leads us to place more value on the first information we receive about a person. The _________ effect leads us to put more weight on the most recent impression we have of a person’s communication over earlier impressions.
primacy; recency
Three ways we sort things into patterns are by using _________, __________, and _________.
proximity, similarity, and difference
A temporarily accessed memory storage space that is activated during times of high cognitive demand
Working Memory
_____________listening is the most challenging form of listening and occurs when we try to understand or experience what a speaker is thinking or feeling.
Empathetic
According to research, 40% of people have more than one preferred listening style and choose based on the situation. However, under stress, people tend to revert to this.