♥ Anatomy
How many chambers does the heart have?
4
What valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid
What is the formula for cardiac output?
stroke volume x heart rate
What structure is the heart's natural pacemaker?
SA node
How to you measure pulse pressure?
systolic - diastolic
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
What is the normal cardiac output?
4-8 liters/min
What heart sound is caused by the closure of the AV valve?
S1 (lub)
What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?
vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation cascade
What layer of the heart is responsible for pumping?
Myocardium
What vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
What is stroke volume?
diastolic volume - systolic volume
What does depolarization cause?
Contraction
What age related change increases risk for orthostatic hypotension?
decreased baroreceptors
What is the function of the pericardium fluid?
it reduces friction between heart layers
What valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?
mitral (bicuspid) valve
What 4 factors determine cardiac output?
HR, contractility, preload, afterload
What is the purpose of the refractory period?
Prevents tetany by allowing the heart to rest
What nursing assessments indicate perfusion status?
skin color, temp, mental status, pulses, BP, urine output
What structure prevents the heart from overfilling?
the pericardium
What is the correct order of blood flow after it leaves the body?
RA --> RV --> Lungs --> LA --> LV --> body
What happens to myocardial oxygen demand when afterload increases?
it increases
What is the conduction pathway after the AV node?
Bundle of His --> bundle branches --> Purkinje fibers
What are modifiable risk factors?
smoking, diet, exercise, stress, BP, cholesterol control