General
What is perfusion?
Passage of blood or lymphatic fluid through the circulatory system to an organ/tissue
When listening to heart sounds, where can you best hear the atrioventricular valves close? What is this heart sound called?
Apex of the heart, S1
Where is the Mitral area? What is heart best here?
Left fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line, S1 (mitral valve closing)
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
The Sinoatrial (SA) node
What occurs due to the cutting of the umbilical cord after birth?
Closure of the foramen ovale
S1 and S2 make distinctive sounds. What are they?
S1 is "lub", S2 is "dub"
What sound is located at the left third intercostal space? What heart sound is heard best here?
Erbs point, S1 and S2 are heard easily here
What is preload? What causes increased preload?
Pressure from the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (diastolic pressure). Increased by hypervolemia, regurgitation of valves, and heart failure
A client has been diagnosed with hypertension. What will this increase?
1. Afterload
2. Preload
3. Contractility
4. Heart rate
1. Afterload
What (normal) heart sound is best heard at the base of the heart? What does it represent?
The Aortic and Pulmonic area are both heard at the ____ intercostal space on opposite sides. What heart sound do you hear here?
Second, aortic on the right and pulmonic on the left. S2
What area of the heart do you listen to in order to find the apical pulse?
The mitral area
4.2L/min
What is S3? Is it normal or abnormal?
Called ventricular gallop, ventricle walls vibrate during diastole, normal in kids, young adults, and in pregnant women in their third trimester
What sound will you hear at the Left sternal border of the 4th intercostal space?
S1, Tricuspid valve closing
What is afterload? What leads to it increasing?
Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood. Increased in hypertension, vasoconstriction
A client with high BP is learning about lifestyle modification. Which client statement indicates teaching is effective?
1. I should exercise at least three times a week
2. I guess I can eat more steak and less fish now
3. I'll be sure to have 2 glasses of wine with dinner each night
4. I will need to limit how much water I drink.
1. I should exercise at least three times a week.
What is the atrial gallop? Is it normal or abnormal?
S4, ejection of blood into the ventricles in late diastole, normal in children
What is a good mnemonic to remember the areas of auscultation?
All People Enjoy Time Magazine
What are the signs of orthostatic hypertension?
Systolic BP decreases 20 mmHg,
Diastolic BP decreases 10 mmHg