IMPORTANT EVENTS
What was Bacon's Rebellion (1670)? What was it caused by and what did it achieve? (Explain)
caused because Governor William Berkeley refused to send extra troops to keep settlers safe from Native American attacks
(Native Americans attacked because settlers continued to encroach on their land to grow more Tabaco)
leads to the belief that indentured servitude was inefficient, and that relying on the enslaved African Americans was much better
ALSO → inspired ideas of colonial resistance against Royal control (foreshadowing of later events...)
Why did Europeans decide (motive) to spread to the Americas? Name at least two and explain:
Religion → protestants wanted to spread their own version of Christianity (Protestants left England to spread their own versions of Protestantism such as Lutheran, Calvinism, Methodist, Baptist, etc...)
Trade → Europeans desired an all water route to Asia
Political → with the acquisition of more land, there would be more power gained (the main reason Columbus was sent out was because of the promise of power and wealth he made to Isabella)
Economic → many English sought opportunities to better their life, as at the time the nation was undergoing economic hardships with inflation (The Americas were seen as a chance to restart)
Who was Sepulveda?
priest who believed that Native Americans were lesser beings below the Spaniards and Europeans
→ believed that Native Americans benefitted from the harsh labor conditions/punishments they were given
What was the Columbian Exchange?
contact between Europeans and Native Americans led to a transfer of plants, animals, and germs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean (Americas - Europe - Africa)
What was the Act of Toleration (1649)?
protected Christians: ensured their religious freedom in settling in Maryland
What was the Zenger Case (1735)?
→ John Peter Zenger (NY editor and publisher) brought to trial on the charge of libelously criticizing NY’s royal governor
→ precedent for freedom of the press and emboldened newspapers to take greater risks in criticizing govt (IMPACT)
Describe the relationship the Native Americans had with the following groups (at least one): the French, the Spanish, and the English
French - the French viewed Indians as potential allies (relationship was positive, for the most part) → fur trade leads to spread of Catholicism
Spanish - held very strict class ideas of Native Americans, viewed natives as dirty and "lesser" than themselves (negative)
English - peaceful relations soon gave way to conflict and open warfare
Who was Bartolomé de las Casas?
Another Spanish priest who actually spent time amongst the natives, persuading the king to pass laws freeing natives (none of them were permanent, all taken down fairly quickly)
What was the Encomienda System?
economic system where Spaniards (encomenderos) forced Native Americans to farm and mine in the Americas
Negative? (for the Spanish) - these people died off quickly because of the new diseases and AND the Spanish had trouble keeping the Native Americans enslaved because they kept trying to escape (many of which were successful because they knew the land well)
What were indentured servants?
major labor system in the colonies → people who couldn't afford passage from Britain to the New World and signed a labor contract that said they would "pay off" their ticket (in a sense) in that they would work for the person who pays for their ticket for a certain amount of time
What led up to Metacom's War (Otherwise known as "King Philip's War") ? Explain what this war was about:
Metacom (chief of Wampanoags) united tribes in southern New England against English settlers who were encroaching on Indian land (building frustration amongst Native Americans finally released)
Effects? → colonial forces prevail, and Indian resistance in New England ended
What replaced Tabaco as the cash-crop in the 1630s? (When Tabaco prices were falling)
What did this new cash-crop lead to?
Sugarcane - popular in Europe but a crop that required lots of labor (labor intensive)
- increased the demand HEAVILY for enslaved African Americans (POPULATIONS INCREASE DRASTICALLY - 1660)
Why is the founding of Pennsylvania so important?
founded by (Quaker and pacifist) William Penn
→ provided religious freedom for all and was created not through violence with native Americans, but peaceful negotiations
PROVIDED EARLY EXAMPLE OF PEACE WITH NATIVES AMONGST TONS OF EXAMPLES OF VIOLENCE
What was the Casta System?
a new social hierarchy created under the Spanish after introducing enslaved African Americans to their encomienda system (Native Americans and African Americans at the very bottom)
What was the Mayflower Compact?
pilgrims signed: bounded the signers to obey the government and legal system established in Plymouth colony
→ Plymouth - place free from religious persecution
Describe the founding of Rhode Island: why might it be important? Who was it founded by?
→ founded by Roger Williams (1631) who was banished from Mass. Bay (anyone who questioned the religious teachings would be removed)
→ RI recognized the rights of Indians & paid them for their land and allowed religious minorities (Catholics, Quakers, Jews) to worship freely
→ joined by Anne Hutchinson (also banished from Mass)
What was Salutary Neglect?
→ known as a healthy ignoring of the colonies
→ OUTSIDE FACT (PRELUDE) - something that was changed after the 7 years war when Britain heavily taxed the colonies for money, as suddenly the colonies were receiving lots of attention
Who was John Locke? What ideas did he introduce and why are they so important?
He (1632-1704) is the one who introduced the ideas of the natural rights of "life, liberty, and property"
THESE ARE THE IDEAS THAT INSPIRED/BASED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDANCE
What were the Navigation Acts? Why are they so important? (What effect did they have?)
stated that merchants were required to engage in trade with English colonies and English-owned ships
→ valuable items were ONLY allowed to pass through English trade ports so they could be taxed accordingly
SET UP PROBLEMS, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE!!
What was the Triangular Trade?
a trade route existing between
→ Africa (traded slaves to the Americas)
→ the Americas (traded sugar to new England (which was made from the labor of the slaves))
→ and New England (traded rum and goods back to Africa)
The Great Awakening: Describe it
(It's effects, causes, etc...)
a movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people (1730’s-1740’s)
→ 1st unifying experience for the American colonists, however it was not completely unifying as many of the speeches that were spread were unable to be understood by all because of the complex language used
Why did the demand for slaves increase?
→ reduced migration - not as many colonists were moving to the colonies at this point (reduced # of immigration)
→ dependable workforce - slaves easier to control (and indentured servants were becoming less reliable)
→ cheap labor - no need for skilled individuals to be hired, slaves with no skill were still easily profitable
(1) Who was Jonathan Edwards?
OR
(2) Who was George Whitefield
(If you can explain who both men were, it's double points)
(1) guy who preached that God was angry with humans, and for good reason (expressed that those who ignored God would experience eternal damnation)
(2) more popular guy who spread the teachings of the Great Awakening across the colonies
→ he explained to ordinary people that God was all powerful, and could only save you if you believed in Jesus (ALLOWED FOR MANY INDIVIDUALS TO CONGREGATE UNDER ONE "UMBRELLA" - PEOPLE CONNECTED)
What were the slave codes?
stated that slaves were like cattle (otherwise known as "Chattel Slavery" (named slaves as personal property)
→ made slavery a permanent condition, inherited through the mother, and defined slaves as property
What was the Middle Passage?