Chemistry of Life & Cells
The property of water responsible for the upward movement of sap in trees.
Cohesion/Adhesion (Transpirational-pull)
This organelle is the site of the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) in eukaryotes.
Mitochondrial Matrix
These are the three stages of cell signaling.
Reception, Transduction, and Response
The process where RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to create mRNA.
Transcription
The measure of an organism's ability to survive and produce fertile offspring.
Biological Fitness
The type of bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
Peptide bond
The final electron acceptor in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
NADP+ (Forming NADPH)
This is the term used to describe programmed cell death process often triggered by signaling pathways.
Apoptosis
In a cross between AaBb×AaBb, this is the expected phenotypic ratio.
9:3:3:1
This type of succession occurs in an area where no soil previously existed or was destroyed.
Primary Succession
The effect on a cell placed in a hypertonic solution relative to its cytosol.
It will shrivel/plasmolyze (Water leaves the cell)
These molecules lower the activation energy (ΔG) of a chemical reaction.
Enzymes (Catalysts)
The phase of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated.
S phase (Synthesis)
The enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix at the replication fork.
Helicase
Evolution toward similar traits in unrelated species due to similar environments.
Convergent Evolution
The cellular structure primarily responsible for the synthesis of lipids and detoxification.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
This process occurs in the cytosol and is the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis
This type of membrane receptor undergoes a conformational change upon ligand binding, allowing specific ions (such as Na+ or Ca2+) to flow through a channel and change the electrochemical gradient of the cell.
Ligand-gated ion channel.
Non-coding sequences of mRNA that are removed during post-transcriptional processing.
Introns
The five conditions required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
Large population, No migration, No mutation, Random mating, No natural selection.
The theory explaining how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes.
Endosymbiotic Theory
The movement of H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive ATP synthesis.
Chemiosmosis (via ATP Synthase)
Small non-protein, water-soluble molecules like cAMP or Ca2+ that spread a signal.
Secondary messengers
This laboratory technique uses a heat-stable DNA polymerase (like Taq) to rapidly amplify specific sequences of DNA through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
The rule stating that only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
The 10% Rule