AGE OF JACKSON
What was the "Corrupt Bargain (1824)?" What system does this contribute to?
→ Henry Clay throws his support to Adams so he can win the presidency (Adams then appoints Henry Clay as his secretary of State)
The Spoils System → in which government jobs are given to loyal supporters of the winning political party (reflection "Jacksonian Democracy")
What was the "Second Great Awakening"?
A protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the U.S.
→ One way that the Second Great Awakening was different from the first was the language used, as during the 1st not many people were included; in the Second, more people were able to understand the speeches given and more people were unified as a result
→ Charles Finney (NY) - delivered sermons to appeal to human emotion and the fear of damnation
→ contributed to reform movement (such as abolitionism)
Public Education: how did it change during this period?
→ focus on establishing free (tax supported) public schools for children of all classes
Horace Mann - worked to support education by pushing for longer school year and teacher training
NOTE: Growth of private colleges following 2nd Great Awakening
What was the Commonwealth v. Hunt case (1842)?
SCOTUS ruled that "peaceful unions" had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers
→ note: improvements for workers continued to be limited (1st labor party in Philadelphia, 1828, enjoyed little success)
What was the Peggy-Eaton Affair (1829-1831)?
cabinet wives refuse to socialize with Eaton's wife because of recent affairs (tensions increase between Calhoun and Andrew Jackson because Jackson is reminded of how his deceased wife was shunned because of her infidelity)
What was the "Hudson River School"?
→ paintings/painters fascinated with nature (important because of the profound feelings of nature above man-painters sought to recreate the beauty of nature)
Who was Frederick Douglas?
black abolitionist who advocated for the equal rights of slaves (before and after the Civil War)
→ pushed for equality and human's rights, including the women's right to vote
Describe the North during this time period:
→ northern states bound together by transportation and rapid industrial growth based on commercial farming and industrial innovation
→ most northerners still involved with agriculture
→ most populous section of the country
What was "Nullification" ?
argument amongst states rights supporters that states had the right to "nullify" or invalidate unconstitutional actions by the federal government
→ Andrew Jackson almost send troops into SC to hang Calhoun, but the compromise of 1833 peacefully resolved this issue by gradually reducing the tariff
What was Transcendentalism?
a movement rooted in the importance of nature and degraded materialism (greatly influenced modern American Literature)
→ Nathanial Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter
→ Ralph Waldo Emerson, expressed individualistic and nationalistic American spirit
How did the 2nd Great Awakening change the views on slavery for some individuals? (Name at least 3 ways there was a shift in beliefs on slavery)
Anti-Slavery Movement (small, but vocal group, emerged pushing for anti-slavery reform - later to be called abolitionists)
→ American Colonization Society: organization determined to send freed slaves to Africa
→ American Anti-slavery society (1831): abolitionist newspaper demanding for the immediate end to slavery
→ Liberty Party: ran as a third-party to the abolitionist platform (1840s)
What were the two major groups of immigrants in the 1840s? What areas did they flock to and what impact did they have?
→ IRSH: more than 2 million Irish arrive following potato crop failure (most choose to settle in cities, such as NY, Boston, and Philadelphia)
NOTE: many Irish faced discrimination for Catholic background (RECALL: NINA, or "No Irish Need Apply") - many Irish joined Democratic party
-----------------------
→ GERMAN: more than 1 million arrived to avoid political persecution and economic hardship (most choose to settle in west in search for fertile farmland)
NOTE: relatively "welcomed", as they prospered in the west (later became anti-slavery and pro-education - IDEAS OF KINDERGARTEN COME FROM GERMAN)
What was the "Bank War" ?
context: Andrew Jackson believes his re-election in 1832 was "permission" to destroy the BUS (banks)
→ He vetoes the recharter for BUS, and places government funds in "Pet banks" (LEADS TO ECONOMIC RECESSION THAT WILL RUIN THE VAN BUREN'S PRESIDENCY)
Who was Dorothea Dix? What movement did she inspire?
woman who advocated for public asylums - poor conditions, abuse, and neglect in prisons, hospitals, and poor houses led to reform
→ schools for blind and deaf people open in 1850s
What was Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831, VA)?
an example of violent abolitionism - Nat Turner leads more than 50 followers in a bloody revolt
→ more than 60 white people were killed, mostly women and children
NOTE: IGNITED "A CULTURE OF FEAR" IN VA, LEADING MANY TO BELIEVE IT LED TO THE CIVIL WAR'S ARRIVAL SOONER
Who were the Nativists?
individuals who strongly opposed influx of immigrants (native-born Americans, mostly protestant)
Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner (1849): secret anti-foreign society (which later evolved into the Know-Nothing party)
Describe Andrew Jackson's feelings towards Native Americans (State at least 1 piece of specific evidence to prove how Andrew Jackson felt towards the Native Americans):
→ Andrew Jackson's "Indian Removal Policy" - goal was to force Natives west of the Mississippi River
→ Jackson's "Trail of Tears" - Jackson ignores the outcome of the Worcester v. Georgia trial (1832), stating that the Cherokee people could stay on land given their previous treaties with U.S. government, and forces natives out of their land
NOTE: more than 4,000 out of the 15,000 died in the process of moving
What was the Temperance Movement?
an organized effort during the 19th century (and early 20th century) to limit or outlaw the consumption and production of alcoholic beverages
→ PUSHED FOR TOTAL ABSTINANCE FROM ALCOHOL IN 1826 - movement eventually led to the creation of the 18th Amendment
What was the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)?
feminist meeting in upstate NY, where it was written the "Declaration of Sentiments" (mirrored off the Declaration of Independence, demanding women's equality to man)
→ women were continually frustrated due to their 2nd class position to men (women were EXPECTED to serve in the home and serve man - "Cult of Domesticity" was formed)
Describe the South leading up to the Civil War:
South depended heavily on plantation-based agriculture, as it was the basis of the southern economy (development of mechanized textile mills and cotton gin dramatically increased the value of cotton and the demand for slaves)
NOTE: supporters of slavery presented economic, historical, and religious arguments on why slaves should be kept as property