Western Expansion
He developed mechanized and steam-powered reaping, threshing, and winnowing equipment during the mid-nineteenth century.
Who is Cyrus McCormick?
This President withdrew Federal forces from the South in 1877.
Who was Rutherford B. Hayes?
Large trusts and holding companies controlled an entire supply chain and produced everything from individual parts to the finished product.
What is vertical integration?
This 1924 law limited immigration to the United States by establishing quotas based on national origin, favoring immigrants from Western and Northern Europe.
What is the Immigration Act of 1924?
This term refers to the widespread political corruption and the practice of political patronage that marked much of the Gilded Age.
What is the spoils system?
An umbrella political advocacy group consisting of several high-profile cooperative organizations, including the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union and several others. This alliance would later fuel the rise of the Populist Party (1892-1909)
What is the Farmer's Alliance?
Southern states rushed to enact these laws, which were much like a racial caste system, denying African Americans' rights and lending support to white supremacy.
What was Jim Crow Laws?
This person implemented vertical integration to streamline the construction of refineries and better coordinate logistics.
Who is John D. Rockefeller?
This term refers to the process by which immigrants or minority groups adopt the cultural norms of the dominant group in society.
What is assimilation?
This 1883 law aimed at reforming the civil service by creating a merit-based system for government jobs, reducing political patronage.
What is the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act?
The era of growth in the chemical, petroleum, iron, steel, and telecommunications industries which were fueled by government subsidies.
What is the Second Industrial Revolution?
The 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld segregation, ruling that segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as equal facilities were available for each race. This led to "equal but separate" doctrine.
What was Plessy v. Ferguson?
This 1880s U.S. policy, promoted by Secretary of State James G. Blaine, encouraged Latin American nations to open markets to U.S. trade and reinforced American leadership in the Western Hemisphere.
What is the Big Brother Policy?
This 19th-century theory applied the principles of Darwinian evolution to human society, suggesting that the "fittest" individuals or groups would naturally succeed.
What is Social Darwinism?
This scandal involved high-ranking officials in President Grant's administration, including his personal secretary, who were implicated in bribery related to government contracts for public land.
What is the Credit Mobilier Scandal?
Laws created in the Western States that functioned in the same way Jim Crow laws did in the New South.
What is Anti-Vagrancy Laws?
These laws were passed by Southern states after the Civil War to restrict the rights of newly freed African Americans and maintain white control.
What are Black Codes?
This 1898 war resulted in the U.S. gaining control of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines after defeating Spain.
What is the Spanish-American War?
This social reformer, known for founding Hull House in Chicago, worked to improve conditions for immigrants and advocated for women's suffrage and gender equality.
Who is Jane Addams?
This 1877 compromise ended the disputed 1876 presidential election, effectively pulling federal troops out of the South and marking the end of Reconstruction.
What is the Compromise of 1877?
One of the last major armed conflicts in the West. The discovery of gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota caused prospectors to flood into the area, although the U.S. government had recognized the territory as belonging to the Sioux.
What was the Great Sioux War o 1876-1877?
After federal troops left the South in 1877, this system of agriculture kept many African Americans and poor whites trapped in cycles of debt.
What is sharecropping?
This 1899 policy, proposed by the United States, called for equal trading rights for all nations in China and the protection of Chinese territorial integrity.
What is Open Door Policy?
This British philosopher and political economist argued for the principles of utilitarianism and gender equality in his works, notably advocating for women's rights in "The Subjection of Women."
Who is John Stuart Mill?
This political party, founded in the 1870s, sought to reform government and society through efforts such as direct election of senators and the initiative and referendum processes.
What is the Populist Party?
Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer brought in troops to try to take possession of the Black Hills. This led to disaster when Custer and more than 250 soldiers died at this battle.
What was the Battle of Little Big Horn?
This term describes white Democrats who regained political control in the South after Reconstruction, often promoting white supremacy and economic modernization.
Who are Redeemers?
This term, coined by Mark Twain, describes the late 19th century period of rapid industrialization, economic growth, and widespread political corruption beneath a surface of prosperity.
What is Gilded Age?
This idea, popularized by Andrew Carnegie, argued that wealthy individuals had a moral obligation to use their wealth to benefit society.
What is the Gospel of Wealth?
This president, elected in 1880, was assassinated shortly into his term, leading to civil service reform and the eventual passing of the Pendleton Act.
Who is James A. Garfield?
The leader of the Nez Perce tribe, who refused to live on a reservation and tried to flee to Canada. The amazing skill and bravery of the Nez Perce during their fighting retreat, which became known as the Nez Perce War (1877), earned the admiration of both military and civilians in the U.S.
Who is Chief Joseph?
Although Reconstruction promised civil rights, after troops were removed, these discriminatory practices kept African Americans from voting.
What are poll taxes and literacy tests?
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this practice became widespread, with many children working in factories and mines, often for long hours in dangerous conditions.
What is increased child labor?
This labor leader and socialist ran for president as the candidate of the Socialist Party five times, advocating for workers' rights and the nationalization of industries.
Who is Eugene V. Debs?
This 1890 law was passed to prevent monopolies and business practices that restrained trade, marking an early attempt by the federal government to regulate big business.
What is the Sherman Antitrust Act?
This Act of 1887 encouraged Native Americans to settle on reservations and become farmers in exchange for U.S. citizenship. It also seized 93 million acres of American Indian land and then parceled it out to white settlers.
What is the Dawes Act of 1887?
After the end of Reconstruction, Southern leaders promoted this vision of a region with a modern economy based on industry as well as agriculture.
What is the New South?
This 1894 strike, which began at a railroad company in Illinois, spread nationwide and was eventually broken up by federal troops after violence erupted.
What is the Pullman Strike?
This 1890s political party, supported by farmers and laborers, advocated for free silver, government control of railroads, and other reforms to aid working-class Americans.
What is the Populist Party?
This political machine, led by Boss Tweed, controlled much of New York City politics during the Gilded Age, engaging in graft and corruption.
What is Tammany Hall?