People
white abolitionist who attempted to seize a federal weapons arsenal at Harper's Ferry bc he believed he was chosen by God to incite a slave rebellion; failed and was hanged but regretted nothing
John Brown
Concept that [white] Americans had a God-given right to expand westward across the entire continent; that it was already theirs, they just had to claim it
Manifest Destiny
issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863, declared that enslaved people in Confederate states were free, but freed not many immediately. Goal was to try to entice the South back into the union.
Emancipation Proclamation
Term/phrase used to refer to the mythical (never fully realized) idea of reparations and land redistribution from Confederate land owners to newly freed enslaved people. Formally known as Sherman's Special Field order No. 15
40 acres and a mule
anti-immigrant Ideology put forth by the American Party, also known as the Know-Nothing party that has existed (ironically) throughout US history despite the US being a nation of immigrants and the descendants of immigrants
nativism
This Confederate general led the Army of Northern Virginia and surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865.
Robert E Lee
Route many pioneers took in covered wagons to the Willamette Valley in the 1830s, 40s, and 50s.
Oregon Trail
Turning point of Civil War; bloodiest battle of the Civil War lasted 3-days; inspires Lincoln to give a speech changing the reason for the war
Battle of Gettysburg 1863
Other than education, it was largely a failure
Freedmen's Bureau
Occured in 1848 after a discovery on John Sutter's land in the California territory; in the year that followed it prompted a mass westward movement of settlers and businessmen seeking profit ('49ners)
Gold Rush
enslaved person who sued for his freedom in court - led to controversial decision that enslaved people are property and therefore have no rights in court as well as rendered all previous laws regarding expansion of slavery into the territories null and void
Dred Scott
Conflict over westward expansion triggered by the U.S. annexation of Texas and border disputes and slavery in Texas; "remember the alamo" and Davy Crockett
Mexican-American War
This 1861 battle, also known as the First Manassas, was the first major land battle of the Civil War and ended in a surprising Confederate victory, shattering Union hopes for a quick war
These laws, passed by many Southern states after the Civil War, attempted to restrict the freedom and rights of formerly enslaved people.
Black Codes (formerly Slave Codes)
These were the most common type of immigrants to the US prior to the Civil War (1861) - aka "Old Immigrants"
Irish and German
Name a president associated w westward expansion
James K Polk
1848 Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico ceded parts of modern-day California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming to the U.S. in exchange for $15 million
Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo 1848
This wartime strategy, used by Union General Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman, involved destroying Southern infrastructure and civilian resources.
total war / scorched earth / March to the Sea
This controversial 1850 law required citizens to help capture escaped enslaved people and return them to bondage. Enraged northerners
Fugitive Slave Act
These were the most common type of immigrants to the US after to the Civil War (1861) aka "New Immigrants"
Italian and Eastern European
proponent of popular sovereignty for slavery in westward expansion, debated Abraham Lincoln and introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Stephen Douglas
Act that aimed to assimilate Native Americans by breaking up tribal lands into individual plots, forcing an agricultural lifestyle, and dissolving communal land ownership. Starts the "Americanization" period and the boarding school era.
Dawes Act 1887
this name was given to Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War, criticized Lincoln’s policies, and called for immediate peace with the Confederacy
Copperheads
Explain the Compromise of 1877
- controversial election, results disputed
- the north got their president (Hayes), the south got the military to pull out, ends Reconstruction, all-white redeemer govts fully take over and Jim Crow begins
type of poor housing situation created by the rapid growth of cities due to an influx of immigrants in both the early and late 1800s
tenements