Genes and Environment
This word describes what you can observe about a person as the result of both genes and environment.
What is a phenotype?
Proteins that bind to DNA to control when genes turn on in response to signals (including environmental) are called this.
These diagrams show how traits and alleles pass from generation to generation through a family.
What are pedigrees?
The HGP created a map of these, which act as the instruction manual for building a human.
What is the genome?
The Human Genome Project, affordable DNA sequencing, and understanding regulatory variants make personalized medicine possible because they reveal how these two factors interact in each person to shape health.
What are genes and environment?
This term describes how your DNA stays the same, but the environment can influence how it is used.
What is gene expression?
These small chemical modifications on DNA mark the genome and change how much protein is made.
What is methylation?
When a DNA marker is inherited in the same pattern as a trait, we call this co-inheritance pattern a _____.
What is a mapping signal?
“This technique for reading DNA became much cheaper after the Human Genome Project.”
What is DNA sequencing?
Doctors may use your genetic variants to predict whether you'll respond well to these cancer treatments.
Traits influenced by many genes, diet, stress, or lifestyle (environment) are called this.
What are polygenic traits?
A DNA change that alters when or how strongly a gene is used, often influenced by environmental context, is called this type of variant.
What is a regulatory variant?
This genetics approach starts with a visible phenotype and works backward to find the gene responsible.
What is forward genetics?
What is the reference genome?
Personal medicine is revolutionary because instead of waiting for symptoms, doctors can use GWAS, risk scores, and family history to focus on this type of care.
What is prediction and prevention?
When someone has a disease genotype but doesn’t always show symptoms, this concept explains why.
What is penetrance?
This mechanism explains how environmental factors like diet or stress can cause chemical changes to DNA or chromatin, affecting gene expression.
What is epigenetic regulation?
Genes close together tend to be inherited together because crossing over rarely separates them. This is known as ___.
What is linkage?
“This study scans many genomes to identify regions associated with traits.”
What is GWAS?
Selecting the best antidepressant based on your genetic profile is part of this subfield.
What is pharmacogenomics?
These DNA differences can increase or decrease disease risk, but their impact depends on environment and other genes.
What are alleles/ genetic variants?
The environment affects disease risk partly by changing how much protein is made from a gene. This step in the central dogma is especially sensitive to environmental signals.
What is transcription?
When different mutations in the same gene cause the same condition, it's called this. When different genes cause the same looking condition, it's called this.
What are allelic heterogeneity and locus heterogeneity?
Using many small genetic effects across the genome to explain continuous traits reflects this key idea that bridged Mendelian and quantitative genetics.
What is Fisher's synthesis?
Personalized medicine uses your genetic data, environment, and biology to choose the right strategy. This goal is summed up by what phrase?
What is "the right treatment for the right person at the right time"?