A
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory: Component of personality representing internalized moral standards, conscience, and societal rules learned from parents and society.
Superego
Ambiguous Inkblot used to assess unconscious thoughts, emotional functioning, and personality traits
Rorschach Inkblot test
Defense mechanism : negative feelings are transferred from the original source to a less threatening person or object.
Defense Mechanism : Displacement
Rogers: Accepting and respecting others without judgment or evaluation
Unconditioned positive regard
Defense mechanism: individual acts in a manner opposite to their actual feelings to keep their true feelings hidden.
Defense Mechanism : Reaction formation
Bandura : personality and behavior are formed by the dynamic interplay of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors
Social-cognitive theory: Reciprocal determinism
signal hypothalamus to reduce appetite, increase energy expenditure, and decrease food intake when fat stores are high
leptin hormones
Defense Mechanism: Unconsciously retreats to an earlier, more immature stage of development when faced with overwhelming stress, anxiety, or conflict.
Defense Mechanism : Regression
Cultural or social norms that dictate how, when, and to whom emotions are expressed
Display rules
Belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
Self-efficacy
Motivation and personality regarding individuals' innate tendencies toward growth and innate psychological needs.
Self-determination theory
Big 5 : person's level of curiosity, creativity, and preference for novelty
Big Five theory of Personality:
Openness to experience
Motivated by the desire to attain external rewards (positive incentives) and avoid punishments (negative incentives)
Incentive theory
Big 5: organized, responsible, and disciplined.
Big Five theory of personality
Conscientiousness
The desire to engage in physically risky, high-stimulation activities
Sensation-seeking theory
Thrill or adventure seeking
Produced by the stomach that stimulates hunger.
Eating motivation:
Ghrelin hormones
Motivation to engage in certain behaviors is driven by the need to reduce physiological drives or tensions.
Drive-reduction theory
Motivational state where an individual must make a decision regarding a single goal that has both attractive (approach) and unattractive (avoidance) aspects.
Lewin’s motivational conflicts theory:
Approach-avoidance
Performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to an optimal, moderate point.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Behavior driven by internal rewards, such as personal satisfaction, enjoyment, or curiosity, rather than external factors like money or praise.
Intrinsic Motivation
All available options or choices are undesirable or negative.
Lewin’s motivational conflicts theory
Avoidance-avoidance
Facial muscles and expressions influence emotional experiences, rather than just reflecting them.
Facial-feedback hypothesis
Defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior.
Defense Mechanism:
Sublimation
Mental process through which individuals evaluate and interpret an event or situation, influencing their emotional response to it.
Cognitive appraisal
Positive emotions (joy, interest, contentment) broaden an individual's momentary thought-action repertoire—expanding awareness and encouraging novel, creative exploration
Broaden-and build theory