Psychodynamic Theories
This "father of psychology" also developed the basis for psychodynamic theories of personality.
Sigmund Freud
Many humanistic theorists use this type of assessment (that is different from other theories' approaches to assessment) to evaluate personality.
Individual narratives; subjective comparison of ideal vs. actual self
Trait theorists use this kind of assessment to evaluate personality.
Personality inventories
The primary unit of personality/the organizer of our thoughts, feelings and outcomes is ___.
The self
What is the difference between mean, median, and mode?
Mean = mathematical average of the values
Median = middle value
Mode = most common value
Psychodynamic theorists use this type of assessment to evaluate personality.
Projective tests
Humanistic theorists criticize psychodynamic and behavioral psychologists by saying that these perspectives ignore the role of ______ in people's unique decision-making power.
Free will
One criticism of trait-based personality assessments is that people will self-report inaccurately because they want to portray themselves in a better, more likable light. This issue is known as the ___.
Social desirability bias
Social-cognitive theorists use this type of assessment (that is different from other theories' approaches to assessment) to evaluate personality
Observation of behavior in realistic settings
Let's say the variables of temperature and chili consumption are negatively correlated. This means that when it is hotter outside, _____.
People eat less chili.
The defense mechanism in which people "shove down" unpleasant memories into their unconscious (so they can no longer consciously remember them) is called __.
Repression
The psychological process of realizing one’s full potential, becoming the best version of oneself, and pursuing personal growth, creativity, and purpose is __.
Self-actualization
The "Big Five" model of personality posits that these 5 traits, rememberable by the mnemonic "OCEAN" or "CANOE," are the basis for the full spectrum of human personality.
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional instability)
Self-efficacy
A researcher wants to see if working on a daily karate practice can improve mood. Participants take a survey evaluating their mood at the beginning and after 30 days. In the meantime, one group does nothing special and one group does daily karate. What are the independent and dependent variables in this study?
IV: karate practice
DV: mood survey scores
Hughbert has a secret crush on his neighbor that he is afraid to admit. Instead, he channels his feelings into writing a romance novel. He is using the defense mechanism of __.
Sublimation
Offering total acceptance, support, and non-judgmental respect to an individual regardless of their behavior, words, or actions is called ___.
Unconditional positive regard
Someone who is spontaneous, flexible, and comfortable with chaos, but also disorganized and prone to procrastination, would demonstrate 1) LOW OR HIGH? levels of 2) WHICH "BIG FIVE" TRAIT? on a personality assessment?
Low conscientiousness
The dynamic interaction between personal factors, social factors, and behavior is called ___.
Reciprocal determinism
What "value" is used to determine statistical significance, and what does this value indicate?
P-value; it indicates the likelihood that the results occurred by chance.
Define "reaction formation" AND come up with an example of it.
Definition: Transforming unacceptable wishes and impulses into their opposite
Example should showcase this definition.
The state in which one can look beyond one's own immediate needs and ego to connect with a larger reality, such as serving others, nature, or a higher purpose is ___.
Self-transcendence
This statistical procedure is used to identify clusters of questions that correlate with certain traits, such as components of personality or intelligence.
Factor analysis
One personal factor that may shape behavior is a cognitive bias where individuals overestimate how much others notice their appearance, actions, or mistakes. This bias is called the __.
Spotlight effect
A personality test measures students' extraversion. The results are compared against teachers' reports about the students' extraversion, and researchers find a strong positive correlation between test results and teachers' responses. This means that the personality test for students has a high degree of ___.
Construct validity