Show:
Twin studies and Caspi
Normality vs. Abnormality and emotions
Early theories of personality
Freud
Humanism
100
Who do twin studies compare?
identical and fraternal twins
100
List the four major emotions.
Fear, anger, sadness, happiness.
100
Define nature and nurture.
Nature refers to the characteristics inherited via genes. Nurture refers to the influences of the environment on personality.
100
Give an example of a Freudian slip.
A child calling a teacher "Mum".
100
Who studied Humanism?
Carl Rogers.
200
From what ages did Caspi and his colleagues observe? What type of research was this?
3-26 years old. Longitudinal study.
200
Define normality.
A pattern of thoughts, feelings or behavior that conforms to a usual, typical or expected standard.
200
What year did William Sheldon propose his theory and what is it called?
1940. Somatotypes.
200
Describe the psychodynamic theory according to Freud.
He believed that childhood would shape personality by creating unconscious motives and conflicts. If a child did not resolve these conflicts, it would show in their personality as adults.
200
What is the center of this theory?
Self-actualization.
300
What were the results of Caspi's study? Identify the three traits that dominate a person's personality.
Sensitive and emotional children tended to become nervous and withdrawn adults. Restless and impulsive children tended to become outsiders as adults. Confident, friendly, eager children tended to become 'take charge' types of adults.
300
List one function of all of the four major emotions.
Fear: to protect from harm; focus on problems; can bind people together. Anger: communicates strengths and competence. Happiness: Helps us to perceive the world as safe; make decisions more easily; be more cooperative; live healthier; feel more energized and satisfied with life. Sadness: to help us solve problems; was thought to have evolved as an adaptive function.
300
Name one strength of William Sheldon's theory.
Strength: there are positive traits even with a 'plump' figure; use stereotypes for people to change their body shapes (encourage healthy eating).
300
Explain the structure of personality according to Freud.
The mind is broken up into levels of consciousness; the conscious, preconscious and unconscious. Each level of consciousness has a more dominating aspect of personality; id, ego or superego. These aspects of personality conflict with one another on a unconscious level though our ego tends to be more on a conscious level.
300
Define humanism.
The belief that our personalities develop as we strive to achieve our full potential, making the most of our abilities.
400
What personality characteristics did Tellegen and co. study?
positive emotionality; Negative emotionality; constraint.
400
Make a scenario using all four emotions (functions/causes/consequences).
Any relevant scenario.
400
What are the three somatotypes spoken about in William Sheldon's theory and name four characteristics for each.
Thin: imaginative; impulsive; quick to grasp ideas; unpredictable. Muscular: predictable; articulate; intelligent; critical; passionate with a short explosive temper. Plump: cheerful; slow to anger; tends to procrastinate; lazy
400
Why did Freud call dreams the royal road to the unconscious?
It is a luxury of your unconscious brain letting your think about things that your conscious mind usually wouldn't.
400
What is self-actualization?
the idea that when we achieve our goals, we feel better about ourselves.
500
Explain how nature and nurture would affect fraternal twins reared together.
As they were brought up together, nurture would cause their personality to be the same. However, they could be different because nature is different.
500
List and explain three things that define normality.
Three of the following: socio-cultural; functional; historical; situational; medical; statistical. Explain the three chosen!
500
Does nature or nurture have a greater influence on a person's personality? Justify your response.
Points depend on how well you can justify your response.
500
Describe the three major differences between the different levels of consciousness.
Conscious mind is fully aware of the person's actions and thoughts. The unconscious mind is the part of the mind that is rarely accessed. The preconscious is the part of the mind that is only accessed when needed but we are not always aware of it.
500
What does "unconditional positive regard counseling" aim to achieve?
To separate the client as a person from the problems they may be having and to reflect the positives in the individual's personality.