Cancer
What molecule stores our genetic information?
DNA
What is the main goal of personalized medicine?
To choose the right treatment for the right patient.
Which therapy attacks specific cancer targets instead of all rapidly dividing cells?
Targeted therapy.
What technology is commonly used to read DNA quickly?
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS).
What molecule carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes?
mRNA.
What are the two main types of mutations?
Germline (inherited) and somatic (acquired)
What information is mainly used to personalize treatment?
The patient's genetic (molecular) profile.
What is the purpose of immunotherapy?
To help the immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells.
What field combines biology and computer science to analyze DNA?
Bioinformatics.
What process copies DNA into RNA?
Transcription.
What type of mutation directly contributes to cancer development?
Driver mutation
Why may the same drug work for one patient but not another?
Because patients have different genes and metabolize drugs differently.
Which immune cells are modified during CAR-T therapy?
T cells.
Why is artificial intelligence useful in personalized medicine?
It helps analyze genetic data and predict effective treatments.
What process produces proteins using mRNA?
Translation.
Why is every tumor genetically unique?
Because each tumor accumulates a different combination of mutations over time.
Name one advantage of personalized medicine over traditional treatment.
More effective treatment and fewer side effects.
What proteins are blocked by checkpoint inhibitors?
PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4.
What is CRISPR mainly used for?
Editing DNA.
What does pharmacogenetics study?
How genetic differences affect a person's response to medicines.
Why can a tumor become resistant to treatment?
Because new mutations appear, allowing some cancer cells to survive and continue growing.
Why is personalized medicine considered the future of healthcare?
Because treatments are tailored to each patient's biology instead of using the same therapy for everyone.
What is the main difference between targeted therapy and immunotherapy?
Targeted therapy attacks cancer molecules directly, while immunotherapy activates the immune system to fight cancer.
Why is bioinformatics essential in modern cancer research?
Because genomic datasets are too large to analyze manually.
What is the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacokinetics studies what the body does to a drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion), while pharmacodynamics studies what the drug does to the body.