Early Andean Cultures
Which appeared first on the Peruvian Coast, pottery or ceremonial architecture?
Ceremonial architecture in the form of circular sunken courts. They were present in the Archaic; pottery didn’t appear until the Formative Period
What chiefly site acquired wealth (to finance their ceremonial architecture and art program) from pilgrims, who consulted an oracle deep in the temple’s underground catacombs?
Chavin de Huantar
How did armed conflict accompany the rise of the Moche state?
Coastal chiefdoms had to join together to fight back against raiding from the highlanders
The relationship between these two expansionist Andean states is analogous to the relationship between Monte Alban and Teotihuacan.
Wari and Tiwanaku
Which empire was larger (in geographic size) - the Aztec or the Inca?
The Inca
What is the difference between how corn was used in Peru, versus how it was used in Mexico?
In Mexico, corn was a staple crop and an important part of the diet. In Peru, corn was most important in the production of corn beer (chicha).
What small coastal site shows evidence for community economic specialization?
Cerro Azul (Capital of Huarco)
Moche burials reveal the importance of what 2 metals in the Andes?
Gold and silver (copper is also frequently used, as seen at the burials at San Jose de Moro)
Remember, in Mexico, jade is used more for sumptuary goods; it is about what was available in the areas they were in.
While Andean polities lacked writing, the Wari introduce this counting/accounting tool, later used by the Inca.
Quipu (Khipu)
What is "mit'a"?
Labor tribute, unique to the Andes compared to Mexico
Potatoes, one of the most important highland crops, were often cooked in pachamancas as early as the Archaic period. What is a pachamanca?
An earth oven
Name an animal commonly featured in Chavin art.
Caiman (other animals that don't start with "C" are harpy eagle, jaguar, and snake)
Why did the most ambitious irrigation project of the Chimu ultimately fail?
Continental uplift caused by tectonic movement
What architectural tradition did Tiwanaku contribute to the Inca?
Tight-fitting masonry (with no mortar)
What items could stand in for the Inca emperor?
A bundle of hair
His fingernail clippings
A "statue brother"
How were crops like cotton and gourds successfully grown on the coast? And how were these crops used?
Intensive irrigation and tapping the water table (pukio); cotton used to make nets, gourds used as containers or as floats
What chiefdom resembled the Mexican site of Monte Alban by building near impressive natural hills and featuring violent carved images?
Cerro Sechin
What site features elite burials accompanied by sacrificial victims, some dismembered, others possibly wives or family members?
The Royal Tombs of Sipan (Moche). Rulers were buried in wooden coffins. The ceremonies that likely took place during their lives and at their burials are often depicted on Moche fine-line ceramics
Adobe bricks with "maker's marks" suggest that monuments at this site were built by organized labor gangs.
Moche
Which expansive coastal empire did the Inca conquer around AD 1450?
The Kingdon of Chimor/The Chimu
Wild camelids like vicuna and guanaco were hunted by the Archaic peoples. When they started domesticating them, what did they build to keep them close?
Corrals (known as Cancha in Quechua)
This fortified Wari outpost in the Moquegua Valley appears to have brewed massive quantities of chicha, possibly for feasts and other peaceful interactions with Tiwanaku neighbors.
Cerro Baul
Name the Chimu institution, later adopted by the Inca, that encouraged new rulers to conquer new territory when they assumed power.
Split inheritance
What is "monument capture" and how was it used as a political strategy at Tiwanaku?
To capture monuments from other sites, erect them at your capital (Inca then added the whipping to symbolize the capture of your opponent)
What were some of the honorific titles given to the Inca emperor?
The Unique One
Son of the Sun
Lover of the Poor