Chapter 1
True or False: Residents of developing countries don't suffer from problems associated with environmental degradation more than those in developed countries
False
To calculate this statistical measure, a researcher tracks only the new cases of a condition that develop within an at-risk population over a specific duration of time
Incidence
___ is any agent capable of producing a harmful response in a biological system
Poison
This is the MOST crucial phase of the policy cycle
Stage 1: Problem Definition
This is an infectiontransmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
Zoonosis
____ is changes in environmental risks that happen due to economic development
Environmental Risk Transition
this metric represents the 'stock' or total number of individuals in a population who have a disease at a specific point in time.
Prevalence
Snake venom, poison oak, and poison ivy are examples of ___
Toxins
The equal treatment of all people in society, no matter their racial background, country of origin, and socioeconomic status, especially concerning environmental laws and policies, is known as
Environmental Justice
The rise of emerging zoonoses is due to what 3 agricultural practices?
Deforestation, conversion of grasslands, and irrigation
What are the four consequences of population increase?
Urbanization, Overtaxing Carrying Capacity, Food Insecurity, Loss of Biodiversity
By analyzing patterns of time, place, and person, this branch of epidemiology allows researchers to form hypotheses about the causes and risk factors of a disease.
Descriptive Epidemiology
this term describes a continuous or repeated exposure to a toxic substance occurring over a very long period, often months or years.
Chronic Exposure
This stage of the policy cycle involves the formal adoption of policies, programs, and procedures that are designed to protect the public from environmental hazards
Stage 3: Policy Establishment
Instead of spreading through direct contact, these organisms bridge the gap by carrying germs from waste or infected animals to their next human target.
What factors contribute to population growth?
Increases in fertility and Reductions in mortality
Rather than testing a specific cause, this approach focuses on identifying trends and distribution patterns within a population to generate new theories for future study.
Descriptive Epidemiology
In a room full of paint fumes, this term describes the specific amount of a substance present in the immediate environment surrounding an individual, prior to any inhalation or absorption
Exposure Dose
Often required for 'mega projects' like dams or airports, this formal process evaluates how a proposed development will change the well-being of the people living nearby, weighing benefits like new jobs against risks like noise pollution
Health Impact Assessment
Vector borne disease depend on a constant interaction between what
Pathogen, host, and vector
What three ways have contributed to the decline of mortality?
Public health improvements, famine control, increased availability of drugs and vaccines
This type of epidemiological study often employs case-control or cohort designs to quantify the relationship between a specific exposure and a health outcome.
Analytic Epidemiology
Unlike the amount of a substance merely present in the environment, this term describes the actual quantity of a toxicant that crosses a biological barrier and enters the bloodstream
Absorbed dose
This technical process is used to characterize the nature and magnitude of health risks to humans from chemical contaminants or other environmental hazards
Risk assessment
From Rabies in dogs to West Nile in birds, any disease that 'spills over' from a vertebrate animal to a human host falls under this scientific classification.
Zoonosis