Pharmacokinetics
term that describes the movement of drugs throughout the body
pharmacokinetics
Which antibiotic can cause tooth discoloration in children and fetuses?
tetracycline
First line drugs for type 2 diabetes
metformin (Glucophage)
Which drug reverses opioid overdose?
naloxone (Narcan)
Neurotransmitter that mediates the parasympathetic nervous system
Acetylcholine
Drug class decreases heart rate and contractility
Beta blockers
Organ is primarily responsible for drug metabolism?
Liver
What condition occurs when normal host flora are destroyed by antibiotics?
superinfection
diabetes drug class that stimulates insulin release from pancreatic cells
sulfonylureas
Which class of drugs inhibits cyclooxygenase to reduce inflammation?
NSAIDs
Type of receptors are activated by sympathetic drugs
adrenergic receptors -
Beta and alpha receptors
Drug class that causes dry cough
ACE inhibitors
Term that describes the time required for half of a drug to be eliminated from the body
Half-life
What test helps identify bacteria as gram positive or gram negative?
gram stain
diabetes drug class that increases urinary glucose excretion
SGLT 2 inhibitors
Which pain type results from damage to nerves?
neuropathic pain
Which receptor causes bronchodilation in the lungs?
Beta 2 receptors
Enzyme that statins inhibit
HMG CoA reductase
Phenomenon that occurs when oral drugs are metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation
first-pass metabolism
What term describes an antibiotic that kills bacteria directly?
bactericidal
diabetes drug class that delays carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Which opioid has a high potential for dependence and is commonly used for severe pain?
fentanyl
Cholinergic agonists mimic which division of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic
Diuretic class that carries the greatest risk for hearing loss (ototoxicity)
Loop diuretics
Why are some medications given sublingually instead of orally?
to bypass the first-pass effect in the liver
Why do antibiotics generally not harm human cells?
They target structures unique to bacteria (such as cell walls or bacterial ribosomes).
A patient taking alpha-glucosidase inhibitors develops hypoglycemia. Why must it be treated with glucose tablets rather than sucrose?
The drug blocks breakdown of complex carbohydrates like sucrose.
Why are opioids dangerous in overdose situations?
They cause respiratory depression
A diabetic patient taking metoprolol becomes hypoglycemic. Why may the patient fail to recognize early symptoms?
Beta blockers mask tachycardia and other symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Serious muscle condition can occur with statin therapy
rhabdomyolysis
A patient with severe liver disease receives a normal medication dose and develops toxicity. Why?
Reduced drug metabolism increases drug levels.
Why does inappropriate antibiotic use increase resistance?
It kills susceptible bacteria and allows resistant bacteria to survive and multiply.
What is the most important nursing assessment before administering insulin?
check blood glucose
A patient receives naloxone and suddenly becomes agitated and tachycardic. Why?
Naloxone precipitated opioid withdrawal.
Drugs that mimic the parasympathetic nervous system are called what?
Cholinergic agonists (parasympathomimetics)
Which diuretics are most commonly used as first-line therapy for hypertension
Thiazide diuretics
Two drugs together produce a greater effect than either drug alone. What term describes this interaction?
Synergism
What laboratory test determines which antibiotic will work best against a specific organism?
culture and sensitivity
Why are insulin requirements often increased during infection or illness?
stress hormones increase blood glucose levels
Which non-opioid analgesic works primarily in the central nervous system and does not have strong anti-inflammatory effects?
acetaminophen
Which drug class blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors?
anticholinergics
A patient taking furosemide develops muscle weakness and dysrhythmias. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely?
hypokalemia